Cargo Workspaces
In Chapter 12, we built a package that included a binary crate and a library crate. As your project develops, you might find that the library crate continues to get bigger and you want to split up your package further into multiple library crates. In this situation, Cargo offers a feature called workspaces that can help manage multiple related packages that are developed in tandem.
Creating a Workspace
A workspace is a set of packages that share the same Cargo.lock and output
directory. Let’s make a project using a workspace—we’ll use trivial code so we
can concentrate on the structure of the workspace. There are multiple ways to
structure a workspace; we’re going to show one common way. We’ll have a
workspace containing a binary and two libraries. The binary, which will provide
the main functionality, will depend on the two libraries. One library will
provide an add_one function, and a second library an add_two function.
These three crates will be part of the same workspace. We’ll start by creating
a new directory for the workspace:
$ mkdir add
$ cd add
Next, in the add directory, we create the Cargo.toml file that will
configure the entire workspace. This file won’t have a [package] section or
the metadata we’ve seen in other Cargo.toml files. Instead, it will start
with a [workspace] section that will allow us to add members to the workspace
by specifying the path to the package with our binary crate; in this case,
that path is adder:
Filename: Cargo.toml
[workspace]
members = [
"adder",
]
Next, we’ll create the adder binary crate by running cargo new within the
add directory:
$ cargo new adder
Created binary (application) `adder` package
At this point, we can build the workspace by running cargo build. The files
in your add directory should look like this:
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── adder
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── main.rs
└── target
The workspace has one target directory at the top level for the compiled
artifacts to be placed into; the adder package doesn’t have its own target
directory. Even if we were to run cargo build from inside the adder
directory, the compiled artifacts would still end up in add/target rather
than add/adder/target. Cargo structures the target directory in a workspace
like this because the crates in a workspace are meant to depend on each other.
If each crate had its own target directory, each crate would have to
recompile each of the other crates in the workspace to have the artifacts in
its own target directory. By sharing one target directory, the crates can
avoid unnecessary rebuilding.
Creating the Second Package in the Workspace
Next, let’s create another member package in the workspace and call it add-one.
Change the top-level Cargo.toml to specify the add-one path in the
members list:
Filename: Cargo.toml
[workspace]
members = [
"adder",
"add-one",
]
Then generate a new library crate named add-one:
$ cargo new add-one --lib
Created library `add-one` package
Your add directory should now have these directories and files:
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── add-one
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── lib.rs
├── adder
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── main.rs
└── target
In the add-one/src/lib.rs file, let’s add an add_one function:
Filename: add-one/src/lib.rs
pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
x + 1
}
Now that we have another package in the workspace, we can have the adder
package with our binary depend on the add-one package, that has our
library. First, we’ll need to add a path dependency on add-one to
adder/Cargo.toml.
Filename: adder/Cargo.toml
add-one = { path = "../add-one" }
Cargo doesn’t assume that crates in a workspace will depend on each other, so we need to be explicit about the dependency relationships between the crates.
Next, let’s use the add_one function from the add-one crate in the adder
crate. Open the adder/src/main.rs file and add a use line at the top to
bring the new add-one library crate into scope. Then change the main
function to call the add_one function, as in Listing 14-7.
Filename: adder/src/main.rs
use add_one;
fn main() {
let num = 10;
println!(
"Hello, world! {} plus one is {}!",
num,
add_one::add_one(num)
);
}
Listing 14-7: Using the add-one library crate from the
adder crate
Let’s build the workspace by running cargo build in the top-level add
directory!
$ cargo build
Compiling add-one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add-one)
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.68s
To run the binary crate from the add directory, we can specify which
package in the workspace we want to run by using the -p argument and the
package name with cargo run:
$ cargo run -p adder
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0s
Running `target/debug/adder`
Hello, world! 10 plus one is 11!
This runs the code in adder/src/main.rs, which depends on the add-one crate.
Depending on an External Package in a Workspace
Notice that the workspace has only one Cargo.lock file at the top level of
the workspace rather than having a Cargo.lock in each crate’s directory. This
ensures that all crates are using the same version of all dependencies. If we
add the rand package to the adder/Cargo.toml and add-one/Cargo.toml
files, Cargo will resolve both of those to one version of rand and record
that in the one Cargo.lock. Making all crates in the workspace use the same
dependencies means the crates in the workspace will always be compatible with
each other. Let’s add the rand crate to the [dependencies] section in the
add-one/Cargo.toml file to be able to use the rand crate in the add-one
crate:
Filename: add-one/Cargo.toml
rand = "0.8.3"
We can now add use rand; to the add-one/src/lib.rs file, and building the
whole workspace by running cargo build in the add directory will bring in
and compile the rand crate. We will get one warning because we aren’t
referring to the rand we brought into scope:
$ cargo build
Updating crates.io index
Downloaded rand v0.8.3
--snip--
Compiling rand v0.8.3
Compiling add-one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add-one)
warning: unused import: `rand`
--> add-one/src/lib.rs:1:5
|
1 | use rand;
| ^^^^
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default
warning: 1 warning emitted
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 10.18s
The top-level Cargo.lock now contains information about the dependency of
add-one on rand. However, even though rand is used somewhere in the
workspace, we can’t use it in other crates in the workspace unless we add
rand to their Cargo.toml files as well. For example, if we add use rand;
to the adder/src/main.rs file for the adder package, we’ll get an error:
$ cargo build
--snip--
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
error[E0432]: unresolved import `rand`
--> adder/src/main.rs:2:5
|
2 | use rand;
| ^^^^ no external crate `rand`
To fix this, edit the Cargo.toml file for the adder package and indicate
that rand is a dependency for it as well. Building the adder package will
add rand to the list of dependencies for adder in Cargo.lock, but no
additional copies of rand will be downloaded. Cargo has ensured that every
crate in every package in the workspace using the rand package will be
using the same version. Using the same version of rand across the workspace
saves space because we won’t have multiple copies and ensures that the crates
in the workspace will be compatible with each other.
Adding a Test to a Workspace
For another enhancement, let’s add a test of the add_one::add_one function
within the add_one crate:
Filename: add-one/src/lib.rs
pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
x + 1
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(3, add_one(2));
}
}
Now run cargo test in the top-level add directory:
$ cargo test
Compiling add-one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add-one)
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.27s
Running target/debug/deps/add_one-f0253159197f7841
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Running target/debug/deps/adder-49979ff40686fa8e
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests add-one
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
The first section of the output shows that the it_works test in the add-one
crate passed. The next section shows that zero tests were found in the adder
crate, and then the last section shows zero documentation tests were found in
the add-one crate. Running cargo test in a workspace structured like this
one will run the tests for all the crates in the workspace.
We can also run tests for one particular crate in a workspace from the
top-level directory by using the -p flag and specifying the name of the crate
we want to test:
$ cargo test -p add-one
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
Running target/debug/deps/add_one-b3235fea9a156f74
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests add-one
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
This output shows cargo test only ran the tests for the add-one crate and
didn’t run the adder crate tests.
If you publish the crates in the workspace to crates.io,
each crate in the workspace will need to be published separately. The cargo publish command does not have an --all flag or a -p flag, so you must
change to each crate’s directory and run cargo publish on each crate in the
workspace to publish the crates.
For additional practice, add an add-two crate to this workspace in a similar
way as the add-one crate!
As your project grows, consider using a workspace: it’s easier to understand smaller, individual components than one big blob of code. Furthermore, keeping the crates in a workspace can make coordination between them easier if they are often changed at the same time.