32. Python Language Services **************************** Python provides a number of modules to assist in working with the Python language. These modules support tokenizing, parsing, syntax analysis, bytecode disassembly, and various other facilities. These modules include: * 32.1. "parser" — Access Python parse trees * 32.1.1. Creating ST Objects * 32.1.2. Converting ST Objects * 32.1.3. Queries on ST Objects * 32.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling * 32.1.5. ST Objects * 32.1.6. Example: Emulation of "compile()" * 32.2. "ast" — Abstract Syntax Trees * 32.2.1. Node classes * 32.2.2. Abstract Grammar * 32.2.3. "ast" Helpers * 32.3. "symtable" — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables * 32.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables * 32.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables * 32.4. "symbol" — Constants used with Python parse trees * 32.5. "token" — Constants used with Python parse trees * 32.6. "keyword" — Testing for Python keywords * 32.7. "tokenize" — Tokenizer for Python source * 32.8. "tabnanny" — Detection of ambiguous indentation * 32.9. "pyclbr" — Python class browser support * 32.9.1. Class Objects * 32.9.2. Function Objects * 32.10. "py_compile" — Compile Python source files * 32.11. "compileall" — Byte-compile Python libraries * 32.11.1. Command-line use * 32.11.2. Public functions * 32.12. "dis" — Disassembler for Python bytecode * 32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions * 32.13. "pickletools" — Tools for pickle developers