The java Command

Name

java - launch a Java application

Synopsis

To launch a class file:

java [options] mainclass [args ...]

To launch the main class in a JAR file:

java [options] -jar jarfile [args ...]

To launch the main class in a module:

java [options] -m module[/mainclass] [args ...]

or

java [options] --module module[/mainclass] [args ...]

To launch a single source-file program:

java [options] source-file [args ...]

options

Optional: Specifies command-line options separated by spaces. See Overview of Java Options for a description of available options.

mainclass

Specifies the name of the class to be launched. Command-line entries following classname are the arguments for the main method.

-jar jarfile

Executes a program encapsulated in a JAR file. The jarfile argument is the name of a JAR file with a manifest that contains a line in the form Main-Class:classname that defines the class with the public static void main(String[] args) method that serves as your application's starting point. When you use -jar, the specified JAR file is the source of all user classes, and other class path settings are ignored. If you're using JAR files, then see jar.

-m or --module module[/mainclass]

Executes the main class in a module specified by mainclass if it is given, or, if it is not given, the value in the module. In other words, mainclass can be used when it is not specified by the module, or to override the value when it is specified.

See Standard Options for Java.

source-file

Only used to launch a single source-file program. Specifies the source file that contains the main class when using source-file mode. See Using Source-File Mode to Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs

args ...

Optional: Arguments following mainclass, source-file, -jar jarfile, and -m or --module module/mainclass are passed as arguments to the main class.

Description

The java command starts a Java application. It does this by starting the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), loading the specified class, and calling that class's main() method. The method must be declared public and static, it must not return any value, and it must accept a String array as a parameter. The method declaration has the following form:

public static void main(String[] args)

In source-file mode, the java command can launch a class declared in a source file. See Using Source-File Mode to Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs for a description of using the source-file mode.

Note: You can use the JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS launcher environment variable to prepend its content to the actual command line of the java launcher. See Using the JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS Launcher Environment Variable.

By default, the first argument that isn't an option of the java command is the fully qualified name of the class to be called. If -jar is specified, then its argument is the name of the JAR file containing class and resource files for the application. The startup class must be indicated by the Main-Class manifest header in its manifest file.

Arguments after the class file name or the JAR file name are passed to the main() method.

javaw

Windows: The javaw command is identical to java, except that with javaw there's no associated console window. Use javaw when you don't want a command prompt window to appear. The javaw launcher will, however, display a dialog box with error information if a launch fails.

Using Source-File Mode to Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs

To launch a class declared in a source file, run the java launcher in source-file mode. Entering source-file mode is determined by two items on the java command line:

• The first item on the command line that is not an option or part of an option. In other words, the item in the command line that would otherwise be the main class name.

• The --source version option, if present.

If the class identifies an existing file that has a .java extension, or if the --source option is specified, then source-file mode is selected. The source file is then compiled and run. The --source option can be used to specify the source version or N of the source code. This determines the API that can be used. When you set --source N, you can only use the public API that was defined in JDK N.

Note: The valid values of N change for each release, with new values added and old values removed. You'll get an error message if you use a value of N that is no longer supported. The supported values of N are the current Java SE release (17) and a limited number of previous releases, detailed in the command-line help for javac, under the --source and --release options.

If the file does not have the .java extension, the --source option must be used to tell the java command to use the source-file mode. The --source option is used for cases when the source file is a "script" to be executed and the name of the source file does not follow the normal naming conventions for Java source files.

In source-file mode, the effect is as though the source file is compiled into memory, and the first class found in the source file is executed. Any arguments placed after the name of the source file in the original command line are passed to the compiled class when it is executed.

For example, if a file were named HelloWorld.java and contained a class named hello.World, then the source-file mode command to launch the class would be:

java HelloWorld.java

The example illustrates that the class can be in a named package, and does not need to be in the unnamed package. This use of source-file mode is informally equivalent to using the following two commands where hello.World is the name of the class in the package:

javac -d <memory> HelloWorld.java
java -cp <memory> hello.World

In source-file mode, any additional command-line options are processed as follows:

• The launcher scans the options specified before the source file for any that are relevant in order to compile the source file.

  This includes: --class-path, --module-path, --add-exports, --add-modules, --limit-modules, --patch-module, --upgrade-module-path, and any variant forms of those options. It also includes the new --enable-preview option, described in JEP 12.

• No provision is made to pass any additional options to the compiler, such as -processor or -Werror.

• Command-line argument files (@-files) may be used in the standard way. Long lists of arguments for either the VM or the program being invoked may be placed in files specified on the command-line by prefixing the filename with an @ character.

In source-file mode, compilation proceeds as follows:

• Any command-line options that are relevant to the compilation environment are taken into account.

• No other source files are found and compiled, as if the source path is set to an empty value.

• Annotation processing is disabled, as if -proc:none is in effect.

• If a version is specified, via the --source option, the value is used as the argument for an implicit --release option for the compilation. This sets both the source version accepted by compiler and the system API that may be used by the code in the source file.

• The source file is compiled in the context of an unnamed module.

• The source file should contain one or more top-level classes, the first of which is taken as the class to be executed.

• The compiler does not enforce the optional restriction defined at the end of JLS ??7.6, that a type in a named package should exist in a file whose name is composed from the type name followed by the .java extension.

• If the source file contains errors, appropriate error messages are written to the standard error stream, and the launcher exits with a non-zero exit code.

In source-file mode, execution proceeds as follows:

• The class to be executed is the first top-level class found in the source file. It must contain a declaration of the standard public static void main(String[]) method.

• The compiled classes are loaded by a custom class loader, that delegates to the application class loader. This implies that classes appearing on the application class path cannot refer to any classes declared in the source file.

• The compiled classes are executed in the context of an unnamed module, as though --add-modules=ALL-DEFAULT is in effect. This is in addition to any other --add-module options that may be have been specified on the command line.

• Any arguments appearing after the name of the file on the command line are passed to the standard main method in the obvious way.

• It is an error if there is a class on the application class path whose name is the same as that of the class to be executed.

See JEP 330: Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs for complete details.

Using the JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS Launcher Environment Variable

JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS prepends its content to the options parsed from the command line. The content of the JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS environment variable is a list of arguments separated by white-space characters (as determined by isspace()). These are prepended to the command line arguments passed to java launcher. The encoding requirement for the environment variable is the same as the java command line on the system. JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS environment variable content is treated in the same manner as that specified in the command line.

Single (') or double (") quotes can be used to enclose arguments that contain whitespace characters. All content between the open quote and the first matching close quote are preserved by simply removing the pair of quotes. In case a matching quote is not found, the launcher will abort with an error message. @-files are supported as they are specified in the command line. However, as in @-files, use of a wildcard is not supported. In order to mitigate potential misuse of JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS behavior, options that specify the main class (such as -jar) or cause the java launcher to exit without executing the main class (such as -h) are disallowed in the environment variable. If any of these options appear in the environment variable, the launcher will abort with an error message. When JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS is set, the launcher prints a message to stderr as a reminder.

Example:

$ export JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS='-g @file1 -Dprop=value @file2 -Dws.prop="white spaces"'
$ java -Xint @file3

is equivalent to the command line:

java -g @file1 -Dprop=value @file2 -Dws.prop="white spaces" -Xint @file3

Overview of Java Options

The java command supports a wide range of options in the following categories:

• Standard Options for Java: Options guaranteed to be supported by all implementations of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). They're used for common actions, such as checking the version of the JRE, setting the class path, enabling verbose output, and so on.

• Extra Options for Java: General purpose options that are specific to the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine. They aren't guaranteed to be supported by all JVM implementations, and are subject to change. These options start with -X.

The advanced options aren't recommended for casual use. These are developer options used for tuning specific areas of the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine operation that often have specific system requirements and may require privileged access to system configuration parameters. Several examples of performance tuning are provided in Performance Tuning Examples. These options aren't guaranteed to be supported by all JVM implementations and are subject to change. Advanced options start with -XX.

• Advanced Runtime Options for Java: Control the runtime behavior of the Java HotSpot VM.

• Advanced JIT Compiler Options for java: Control the dynamic just-in-time (JIT) compilation performed by the Java HotSpot VM.

• Advanced Serviceability Options for Java: Enable gathering system information and performing extensive debugging.

• Advanced Garbage Collection Options for Java: Control how garbage collection (GC) is performed by the Java HotSpot

Boolean options are used to either enable a feature that's disabled by default or disable a feature that's enabled by default. Such options don't require a parameter. Boolean -XX options are enabled using the plus sign (-XX:+OptionName) and disabled using the minus sign (-XX:-OptionName).

For options that require an argument, the argument may be separated from the option name by a space, a colon (:), or an equal sign (=), or the argument may directly follow the option (the exact syntax differs for each option). If you're expected to specify the size in bytes, then you can use no suffix, or use the suffix k or K for kilobytes (KB), m or M for megabytes (MB), or g or G for gigabytes (GB). For example, to set the size to 8 GB, you can specify either 8g, 8192m, 8388608k, or 8589934592 as the argument. If you are expected to specify the percentage, then use a number from 0 to 1. For example, specify 0.25 for 25%.

The following sections describe the options that are obsolete, deprecated, and removed:

• Deprecated Java Options: Accepted and acted upon --- a warning is issued when they're used.

• Obsolete Java Options: Accepted but ignored --- a warning is issued when they're used.

• Removed Java Options: Removed --- using them results in an error.

Standard Options for Java

These are the most commonly used options supported by all implementations of the JVM.

Note: To specify an argument for a long option, you can use either --name=value or --name value.

-agentlib:libname[=options]

Loads the specified native agent library. After the library name, a comma-separated list of options specific to the library can be used.

• Linux and macOS: If the option -agentlib:foo is specified, then the JVM attempts to load the library named libfoo.so in the location specified by the LD_LIBRARY_PATH system variable (on macOS this variable is DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH).

• Windows: If the option -agentlib:foo is specified, then the JVM attempts to load the library named foo.dll in the location specified by the PATH system variable.

  The following example shows how to load the Java Debug Wire Protocol (JDWP) library and listen for the socket connection on port 8000, suspending the JVM before the main class loads:

  -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,address=8000

-agentpath:pathname[=options]

Loads the native agent library specified by the absolute path name. This option is equivalent to -agentlib but uses the full path and file name of the library.

--class-path classpath, -classpath classpath, or -cp classpath

A semicolon (;) separated list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to search for class files.

Specifying classpath overrides any setting of the CLASSPATH environment variable. If the class path option isn't used and classpath isn't set, then the user class path consists of the current directory (.).

As a special convenience, a class path element that contains a base name of an asterisk (*) is considered equivalent to specifying a list of all the files in the directory with the extension .jar or .JAR . A Java program can't tell the difference between the two invocations. For example, if the directory mydir contains a.jar and b.JAR, then the class path element mydir/* is expanded to A.jar:b.JAR, except that the order of JAR files is unspecified. All .jar files in the specified directory, even hidden ones, are included in the list. A class path entry consisting of an asterisk (*) expands to a list of all the jar files in the current directory. The CLASSPATH environment variable, where defined, is similarly expanded. Any class path wildcard expansion that occurs before the Java VM is started. Java programs never see wildcards that aren't expanded except by querying the environment, such as by calling System.getenv("CLASSPATH").

--disable-@files

Can be used anywhere on the command line, including in an argument file, to prevent further @filename expansion. This option stops expanding @-argfiles after the option.

--enable-preview

Allows classes to depend on preview features of the release.

--module-path modulepath... or -p modulepath

A semicolon (;) separated list of directories in which each directory is a directory of modules.

--upgrade-module-path modulepath...

A semicolon (;) separated list of directories in which each directory is a directory of modules that replace upgradeable modules in the runtime image.

--add-modules module[,module...]

Specifies the root modules to resolve in addition to the initial module. module also can be ALL-DEFAULT, ALL-SYSTEM, and ALL-MODULE-PATH.

--list-modules

Lists the observable modules and then exits.

-d module_name or --describe-module module_name

Describes a specified module and then exits.

--dry-run

Creates the VM but doesn't execute the main method. This --dry-run option might be useful for validating the command-line options such as the module system configuration.

--validate-modules

Validates all modules and exit. This option is helpful for finding conflicts and other errors with modules on the module path.

-Dproperty=value

Sets a system property value. The property variable is a string with no spaces that represents the name of the property. The value variable is a string that represents the value of the property. If value is a string with spaces, then enclose it in quotation marks (for example -Dfoo="foo bar").

-disableassertions[:[packagename]...|:classname] or -da[:[packagename]...|:classname]

Disables assertions. By default, assertions are disabled in all packages and classes. With no arguments, -disableassertions (-da) disables assertions in all packages and classes. With the packagename argument ending in ..., the switch disables assertions in the specified package and any subpackages. If the argument is simply ..., then the switch disables assertions in the unnamed package in the current working directory. With the classname argument, the switch disables assertions in the specified class.

The -disableassertions (-da) option applies to all class loaders and to system classes (which don't have a class loader). There's one exception to this rule: If the option is provided with no arguments, then it doesn't apply to system classes. This makes it easy to disable assertions in all classes except for system classes. The -disablesystemassertions option enables you to disable assertions in all system classes. To explicitly enable assertions in specific packages or classes, use the -enableassertions (-ea) option. Both options can be used at the same time. For example, to run the MyClass application with assertions enabled in the package com.wombat.fruitbat (and any subpackages) but disabled in the class com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat, use the following command:

java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... -da:com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat MyClass

-disablesystemassertions or -dsa

Disables assertions in all system classes.

-enableassertions[:[packagename]...|:classname] or -ea[:[packagename]...|:classname]

Enables assertions. By default, assertions are disabled in all packages and classes. With no arguments, -enableassertions (-ea) enables assertions in all packages and classes. With the packagename argument ending in ..., the switch enables assertions in the specified package and any subpackages. If the argument is simply ..., then the switch enables assertions in the unnamed package in the current working directory. With the classname argument, the switch enables assertions in the specified class.

The -enableassertions (-ea) option applies to all class loaders and to system classes (which don't have a class loader). There's one exception to this rule: If the option is provided with no arguments, then it doesn't apply to system classes. This makes it easy to enable assertions in all classes except for system classes. The -enablesystemassertions option provides a separate switch to enable assertions in all system classes. To explicitly disable assertions in specific packages or classes, use the -disableassertions (-da) option. If a single command contains multiple instances of these switches, then they're processed in order, before loading any classes. For example, to run the MyClass application with assertions enabled only in the package com.wombat.fruitbat (and any subpackages) but disabled in the class com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat, use the following command:

java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... -da:com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat MyClass

-enablesystemassertions or -esa

Enables assertions in all system classes.

-help, -h, or -?

Prints the help message to the error stream.

--help

Prints the help message to the output stream.

-javaagent:jarpath[=options]

Loads the specified Java programming language agent. See java.lang.instrument.

--show-version

Prints the product version to the output stream and continues.

-showversion

Prints the product version to the error stream and continues.

--show-module-resolution

Shows module resolution output during startup.

-splash:imagepath

Shows the splash screen with the image specified by imagepath. HiDPI scaled images are automatically supported and used if available. The unscaled image file name, such as image.ext, should always be passed as the argument to the -splash option. The most appropriate scaled image provided is picked up automatically.

For example, to show the splash.gif file from the images directory when starting your application, use the following option:

-splash:images/splash.gif

See the SplashScreen API documentation for more information.

-verbose:class

Displays information about each loaded class.

-verbose:gc

Displays information about each garbage collection (GC) event.

-verbose:jni

Displays information about the use of native methods and other Java Native Interface (JNI) activity.

-verbose:module

Displays information about the modules in use.

--version

Prints product version to the output stream and exits.

-version

Prints product version to the error stream and exits.

-X

Prints the help on extra options to the error stream.

--help-extra

Prints the help on extra options to the output stream.

@argfile

Specifies one or more argument files prefixed by @ used by the java command. It isn't uncommon for the java command line to be very long because of the .jar files needed in the classpath. The @argfile option overcomes command-line length limitations by enabling the launcher to expand the contents of argument files after shell expansion, but before argument processing. Contents in the argument files are expanded because otherwise, they would be specified on the command line until the --disable-@files option was encountered.

The argument files can also contain the main class name and all options. If an argument file contains all of the options required by the java command, then the command line could simply be:

java @argfile

See java Command-Line Argument Files for a description and examples of using @-argfiles.

Extra Options for Java

The following java options are general purpose options that are specific to the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine.

-Xbatch

Disables background compilation. By default, the JVM compiles the method as a background task, running the method in interpreter mode until the background compilation is finished. The -Xbatch flag disables background compilation so that compilation of all methods proceeds as a foreground task until completed. This option is equivalent to -XX:-BackgroundCompilation.

-Xbootclasspath/a:directories|zip|JAR-files

Specifies a list of directories, JAR files, and ZIP archives to append to the end of the default bootstrap class path.

Linux and macOS: Colons (:) separate entities in this list.

Windows: Semicolons (;) separate entities in this list.

-Xcheck:jni

Performs additional checks for Java Native Interface (JNI) functions.

The following checks are considered indicative of significant problems with the native code, and the JVM terminates with an irrecoverable error in such cases:

• The thread doing the call is not attached to the JVM.
• The thread doing the call is using the JNIEnv belonging to another thread.
• A parameter validation check fails:
  • A jfieldID, or jmethodID, is detected as being invalid. For example:
    • Of the wrong type
    • Associated with the wrong class
  • A parameter of the wrong type is detected.
  • An invalid parameter value is detected. For example:
    • NULL where not permitted
    • An out-of-bounds array index, or frame capacity
    • A non-UTF-8 string
    • An invalid JNI reference
    • An attempt to use a ReleaseXXX function on a parameter not produced by the corresponding GetXXX function

The following checks only result in warnings being printed:

• A JNI call was made without checking for a pending exception from a previous JNI call, and the current call is not safe when an exception may be pending.
• The number of JNI local references existing when a JNI function terminates exceeds the number guaranteed to be available. See the EnsureLocalcapacity function.
• A class descriptor is in decorated format (Lname;) when it should not be.
• A NULL parameter is allowed, but its use is questionable.
• Calling other JNI functions in the scope of Get/ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical or Get/ReleaseStringCritical

Expect a performance degradation when this option is used.

-Xdebug

Does nothing. Provided for backward compatibility.

-Xdiag

Shows additional diagnostic messages.

-Xint

Runs the application in interpreted-only mode. Compilation to native code is disabled, and all bytecode is executed by the interpreter. The performance benefits offered by the just-in-time (JIT) compiler aren't present in this mode.

-Xinternalversion

Displays more detailed JVM version information than the -version option, and then exits.

-Xlog:option

Configure or enable logging with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) unified logging framework. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework.

-Xmixed

Executes all bytecode by the interpreter except for hot methods, which are compiled to native code. On by default. Use -Xint to switch off.

-Xmn size

Sets the initial and maximum size (in bytes) of the heap for the young generation (nursery) in the generational collectors. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The young generation region of the heap is used for new objects. GC is performed in this region more often than in other regions. If the size for the young generation is too small, then a lot of minor garbage collections are performed. If the size is too large, then only full garbage collections are performed, which can take a long time to complete. It is recommended that you do not set the size for the young generation for the G1 collector, and keep the size for the young generation greater than 25% and less than 50% of the overall heap size for other collectors. The following examples show how to set the initial and maximum size of young generation to 256 MB using various units:

-Xmn256m
-Xmn262144k
-Xmn268435456

Instead of the -Xmn option to set both the initial and maximum size of the heap for the young generation, you can use -XX:NewSize to set the initial size and -XX:MaxNewSize to set the maximum size.

-Xms size

Sets the minimum and initial size (in bytes) of the heap. This value must be a multiple of 1024 and greater than 1 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, g or G to indicate gigabytes. The following examples show how to set the size of allocated memory to 6 MB using various units:

-Xms6291456
-Xms6144k
-Xms6m

Instead of the -Xms option to set both the minimum and initial size of the heap, you can use -XX:MinHeapSize to set the minimum size and -XX:InitialHeapSize to set the initial size.

If you don't set this option, the initial size is set as the sum of the sizes allocated for the old generation and the young generation. The initial size of the heap for the young generation can be set using the -Xmn option or the -XX:NewSize option.

-Xmx size

Specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of the heap. This value must be a multiple of 1024 and greater than 2 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value is chosen at runtime based on system configuration. For server deployments, -Xms and -Xmx are often set to the same value. The following examples show how to set the maximum allowed size of allocated memory to 80 MB using various units:

-Xmx83886080
-Xmx81920k
-Xmx80m

The -Xmx option is equivalent to -XX:MaxHeapSize.

-Xnoclassgc

Disables garbage collection (GC) of classes. This can save some GC time, which shortens interruptions during the application run. When you specify -Xnoclassgc at startup, the class objects in the application are left untouched during GC and are always be considered live. This can result in more memory being permanently occupied which, if not used carefully, throws an out-of-memory exception.

-Xrs

Reduces the use of operating system signals by the JVM. Shutdown hooks enable the orderly shutdown of a Java application by running user cleanup code (such as closing database connections) at shutdown, even if the JVM terminates abruptly.

• Linux and macOS:

  • The JVM catches signals to implement shutdown hooks for unexpected termination. The JVM uses SIGHUP, SIGINT, and SIGTERM to initiate the running of shutdown hooks.

  • Applications embedding the JVM frequently need to trap signals such as SIGINT or SIGTERM, which can lead to interference with the JVM signal handlers. The -Xrs option is available to address this issue. When -Xrs is used, the signal masks for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGHUP, and SIGQUIT aren't changed by the JVM, and signal handlers for these signals aren't installed.

• Windows:

  • The JVM watches for console control events to implement shutdown hooks for unexpected termination. Specifically, the JVM registers a console control handler that begins shutdown-hook processing and returns TRUE for CTRL_C_EVENT, CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT, CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT, and CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT.

  • The JVM uses a similar mechanism to implement the feature of dumping thread stacks for debugging purposes. The JVM uses CTRL_BREAK_EVENT to perform thread dumps.

  • If the JVM is run as a service (for example, as a servlet engine for a web server), then it can receive CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT but shouldn't initiate shutdown because the operating system doesn't actually terminate the process. To avoid possible interference such as this, the -Xrs option can be used. When the -Xrs option is used, the JVM doesn't install a console control handler, implying that it doesn't watch for or process CTRL_C_EVENT, CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT, CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT, or CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT.

There are two consequences of specifying -Xrs:

• Linux and macOS: SIGQUIT thread dumps aren't available.

• Windows: Ctrl + Break thread dumps aren't available.

User code is responsible for causing shutdown hooks to run, for example, by calling the System.exit() when the JVM is to be terminated.

-Xshare:mode

Sets the class data sharing (CDS) mode.

Possible mode arguments for this option include the following:

auto

Use shared class data if possible (default).

on

Require using shared class data, otherwise fail.

Note: The -Xshare:on option is used for testing purposes only and may cause intermittent failures due to the use of address space layout randomization by the operation system. This option should not be used in production environments.

off

Do not attempt to use shared class data.

-XshowSettings

Shows all settings and then continues.

-XshowSettings:category

Shows settings and continues. Possible category arguments for this option include the following:

all

Shows all categories of settings. This is the default value.

locale

Shows settings related to locale.

properties

Shows settings related to system properties.

vm

Shows the settings of the JVM.

system

Linux: Shows host system or container configuration and continues.

-Xss size

Sets the thread stack size (in bytes). Append the letter k or K to indicate KB, m or M to indicate MB, or g or G to indicate GB. The default value depends on the platform:

• Linux/x64 (64-bit): 1024 KB

• macOS (64-bit): 1024 KB

• Windows: The default value depends on virtual memory

The following examples set the thread stack size to 1024 KB in different units:

-Xss1m
-Xss1024k
-Xss1048576

This option is similar to -XX:ThreadStackSize.

--add-reads module=target-module(,target-module)*

Updates module to read the target-module, regardless of the module declaration. target-module can be all unnamed to read all unnamed modules.

--add-exports module/package=target-module(,target-module)*

Updates module to export package to target-module, regardless of module declaration. The target-module can be all unnamed to export to all unnamed modules.

--add-opens module/package=target-module(,target-module)*

Updates module to open package to target-module, regardless of module declaration.

--limit-modules module[,module...]

Specifies the limit of the universe of observable modules.

--patch-module module=file(;file)*

Overrides or augments a module with classes and resources in JAR files or directories.

--source version

Sets the version of the source in source-file mode.

Extra Options for macOS

The following extra options are macOS specific.

-XstartOnFirstThread

Runs the main() method on the first (AppKit) thread.

-Xdock:name=application_name

Overrides the default application name displayed in dock.

-Xdock:icon=path_to_icon_file

Overrides the default icon displayed in dock.

Advanced Options for Java

These java options can be used to enable other advanced options.

-XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions

Unlocks the options intended for diagnosing the JVM. By default, this option is disabled and diagnostic options aren't available.

Command line options that are enabled with the use of this option are not supported. If you encounter issues while using any of these options, it is very likely that you will be required to reproduce the problem without using any of these unsupported options before Oracle Support can assist with an investigation. It is also possible that any of these options may be removed or their behavior changed without any warning.

-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions

Unlocks the options that provide experimental features in the JVM. By default, this option is disabled and experimental features aren't available.

Advanced Runtime Options for Java

These java options control the runtime behavior of the Java HotSpot VM.

-XX:ActiveProcessorCount=x

Overrides the number of CPUs that the VM will use to calculate the size of thread pools it will use for various operations such as Garbage Collection and ForkJoinPool.

The VM normally determines the number of available processors from the operating system. This flag can be useful for partitioning CPU resources when running multiple Java processes in docker containers. This flag is honored even if UseContainerSupport is not enabled. See -XX:-UseContainerSupport for a description of enabling and disabling container support.

-XX:AllocateHeapAt=path

Takes a path to the file system and uses memory mapping to allocate the object heap on the memory device. Using this option enables the HotSpot VM to allocate the Java object heap on an alternative memory device, such as an NV-DIMM, specified by the user.

Alternative memory devices that have the same semantics as DRAM, including the semantics of atomic operations, can be used instead of DRAM for the object heap without changing the existing application code. All other memory structures (such as the code heap, metaspace, and thread stacks) continue to reside in DRAM.

Some operating systems expose non-DRAM memory through the file system. Memory-mapped files in these file systems bypass the page cache and provide a direct mapping of virtual memory to the physical memory on the device. The existing heap related flags (such as -Xmx and -Xms) and garbage-collection related flags continue to work as before.

-XX:-CompactStrings

Disables the Compact Strings feature. By default, this option is enabled. When this option is enabled, Java Strings containing only single-byte characters are internally represented and stored as single-byte-per-character Strings using ISO-8859-1 / Latin-1 encoding. This reduces, by 50%, the amount of space required for Strings containing only single-byte characters. For Java Strings containing at least one multibyte character: these are represented and stored as 2 bytes per character using UTF-16 encoding. Disabling the Compact Strings feature forces the use of UTF-16 encoding as the internal representation for all Java Strings.

Cases where it may be beneficial to disable Compact Strings include the following:

• When it's known that an application overwhelmingly will be allocating multibyte character Strings

• In the unexpected event where a performance regression is observed in migrating from Java SE 8 to Java SE 9 and an analysis shows that Compact Strings introduces the regression

In both of these scenarios, disabling Compact Strings makes sense.

-XX:ErrorFile=filename

Specifies the path and file name to which error data is written when an irrecoverable error occurs. By default, this file is created in the current working directory and named hs_err_pidpid.log where pid is the identifier of the process that encountered the error.

The following example shows how to set the default log file (note that the identifier of the process is specified as %p):

-XX:ErrorFile=./hs_err_pid%p.log

• Linux and macOS: The following example shows how to set the error log to /var/log/java/java_error.log:

  -XX:ErrorFile=/var/log/java/java_error.log

• Windows: The following example shows how to set the error log file to C:/log/java/java_error.log:

  -XX:ErrorFile=C:/log/java/java_error.log

If the file exists, and is writeable, then it will be overwritten. Otherwise, if the file can't be created in the specified directory (due to insufficient space, permission problem, or another issue), then the file is created in the temporary directory for the operating system:

• Linux and macOS: The temporary directory is /tmp.

• Windows: The temporary directory is specified by the value of the TMP environment variable; if that environment variable isn't defined, then the value of the TEMP environment variable is used.

-XX:+ExtensiveErrorReports

Enables the reporting of more extensive error information in the ErrorFile. This option can be turned on in environments where maximal information is desired - even if the resulting logs may be quite large and/or contain information that might be considered sensitive. The information can vary from release to release, and across different platforms. By default this option is disabled.

-XX:FlightRecorderOptions=parameter=value (or)
-XX:FlightRecorderOptions:parameter=value

Sets the parameters that control the behavior of JFR.

The following list contains the available JFR parameter=value entries:

globalbuffersize=size

Specifies the total amount of primary memory used for data retention. The default value is based on the value specified for memorysize. Change the memorysize parameter to alter the size of global buffers.

maxchunksize=size

Specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of the data chunks in a recording. Append m or M to specify the size in megabytes (MB), or g or G to specify the size in gigabytes (GB). By default, the maximum size of data chunks is set to 12 MB. The minimum allowed is 1 MB.

memorysize=size

Determines how much buffer memory should be used, and sets the globalbuffersize and numglobalbuffers parameters based on the size specified. Append m or M to specify the size in megabytes (MB), or g or G to specify the size in gigabytes (GB). By default, the memory size is set to 10 MB.

numglobalbuffers

Specifies the number of global buffers used. The default value is based on the memory size specified. Change the memorysize parameter to alter the number of global buffers.

old-object-queue-size=number-of-objects

Maximum number of old objects to track. By default, the number of objects is set to 256.

repository=path

Specifies the repository (a directory) for temporary disk storage. By default, the system's temporary directory is used.

retransform={true|false}

Specifies whether event classes should be retransformed using JVMTI. If false, instrumentation is added when event classes are loaded. By default, this parameter is enabled.

samplethreads={true|false}

Specifies whether thread sampling is enabled. Thread sampling occurs only if the sampling event is enabled along with this parameter. By default, this parameter is enabled.

stackdepth=depth

Stack depth for stack traces. By default, the depth is set to 64 method calls. The maximum is 2048. Values greater than 64 could create significant overhead and reduce performance.

threadbuffersize=size

Specifies the per-thread local buffer size (in bytes). By default, the local buffer size is set to 8 kilobytes, with a minimum value of 4 kilobytes. Overriding this parameter could reduce performance and is not recommended.

You can specify values for multiple parameters by separating them with a comma.

-XX:LargePageSizeInBytes=size

Sets the maximum large page size (in bytes) used by the JVM. The size argument must be a valid page size supported by the environment to have any effect. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the size is set to 0, meaning that the JVM will use the default large page size for the environment as the maximum size for large pages. See Large Pages.

The following example describes how to set the large page size to 1 gigabyte (GB):

-XX:LargePageSizeInBytes=1g

-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=size

Sets the maximum total size (in bytes) of the java.nio package, direct-buffer allocations. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the size is set to 0, meaning that the JVM chooses the size for NIO direct-buffer allocations automatically.

The following examples illustrate how to set the NIO size to 1024 KB in different units:

-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=1m
-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=1024k
-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=1048576

-XX:-MaxFDLimit

Disables the attempt to set the soft limit for the number of open file descriptors to the hard limit. By default, this option is enabled on all platforms, but is ignored on Windows. The only time that you may need to disable this is on Mac OS, where its use imposes a maximum of 10240, which is lower than the actual system maximum.

-XX:NativeMemoryTracking=mode

Specifies the mode for tracking JVM native memory usage. Possible mode arguments for this option include the following:

off

Instructs not to track JVM native memory usage. This is the default behavior if you don't specify the -XX:NativeMemoryTracking option.

summary

Tracks memory usage only by JVM subsystems, such as Java heap, class, code, and thread.

detail

In addition to tracking memory usage by JVM subsystems, track memory usage by individual CallSite, individual virtual memory region and its committed regions.

-XX:ObjectAlignmentInBytes=alignment

Sets the memory alignment of Java objects (in bytes). By default, the value is set to 8 bytes. The specified value should be a power of 2, and must be within the range of 8 and 256 (inclusive). This option makes it possible to use compressed pointers with large Java heap sizes.

The heap size limit in bytes is calculated as:

4GB * ObjectAlignmentInBytes

Note: As the alignment value increases, the unused space between objects also increases. As a result, you may not realize any benefits from using compressed pointers with large Java heap sizes.

-XX:OnError=string

Sets a custom command or a series of semicolon-separated commands to run when an irrecoverable error occurs. If the string contains spaces, then it must be enclosed in quotation marks.

• Linux and macOS: The following example shows how the -XX:OnError option can be used to run the gcore command to create a core image, and start the gdb debugger to attach to the process in case of an irrecoverable error (the %p designates the current process identifier):

  -XX:OnError="gcore %p;gdb -p %p"

• Windows: The following example shows how the -XX:OnError option can be used to run the userdump.exe utility to obtain a crash dump in case of an irrecoverable error (the %p designates the current process identifier). This example assumes that the path to the userdump.exe utility is specified in the PATH environment variable:

  -XX:OnError="userdump.exe %p"

-XX:OnOutOfMemoryError=string

Sets a custom command or a series of semicolon-separated commands to run when an OutOfMemoryError exception is first thrown. If the string contains spaces, then it must be enclosed in quotation marks. For an example of a command string, see the description of the -XX:OnError option.

-XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags

Enables printing of ergonomically selected JVM flags that appeared on the command line. It can be useful to know the ergonomic values set by the JVM, such as the heap space size and the selected garbage collector. By default, this option is disabled and flags aren't printed.

-XX:+PreserveFramePointer

Selects between using the RBP register as a general purpose register (-XX:-PreserveFramePointer) and using the RBP register to hold the frame pointer of the currently executing method (-XX:+PreserveFramePointer . If the frame pointer is available, then external profiling tools (for example, Linux perf) can construct more accurate stack traces.

-XX:+PrintNMTStatistics

Enables printing of collected native memory tracking data at JVM exit when native memory tracking is enabled (see -XX:NativeMemoryTracking). By default, this option is disabled and native memory tracking data isn't printed.

-XX:SharedArchiveFile=path

Specifies the path and name of the class data sharing (CDS) archive file

See Application Class Data Sharing.

-XX:SharedArchiveConfigFile=shared_config_file

Specifies additional shared data added to the archive file.

-XX:SharedClassListFile=file_name

Specifies the text file that contains the names of the classes to store in the class data sharing (CDS) archive. This file contains the full name of one class per line, except slashes (/) replace dots (.). For example, to specify the classes java.lang.Object and hello.Main, create a text file that contains the following two lines:

java/lang/Object
hello/Main

The classes that you specify in this text file should include the classes that are commonly used by the application. They may include any classes from the application, extension, or bootstrap class paths.

See Application Class Data Sharing.

-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages

Enables printing of improved NullPointerException messages. When an application throws a NullPointerException, the option enables the JVM to analyze the program's bytecode instructions to determine precisely which reference is null, and describes the source with a null-detail message. The null-detail message is calculated and returned by NullPointerException.getMessage(), and will be printed as the exception message along with the method, filename, and line number. By default, this option is enabled.

-XX:+ShowMessageBoxOnError

Enables the display of a dialog box when the JVM experiences an irrecoverable error. This prevents the JVM from exiting and keeps the process active so that you can attach a debugger to it to investigate the cause of the error. By default, this option is disabled.

-XX:StartFlightRecording=parameter=value

Starts a JFR recording for the Java application. This option is equivalent to the JFR.start diagnostic command that starts a recording during runtime. You can set the following parameter=value entries when starting a JFR recording:

delay=time

Specifies the delay between the Java application launch time and the start of the recording. Append s to specify the time in seconds, m for minutes, h for hours, or d for days (for example, 10m means 10 minutes). By default, there's no delay, and this parameter is set to 0.

disk={true|false}

Specifies whether to write temporary data to the disk repository. By default, this parameter is set to false. To enable it, set the parameter to true.

dumponexit={true|false}

Specifies if the running recording is dumped when the JVM shuts down. If enabled and a filename is not entered, the recording is written to a file in the directory where the process was started. The file name is a system-generated name that contains the process ID, recording ID, and current timestamp, similar to hotspot-pid-47496-id-1-2018_01_25_19_10_41.jfr. By default, this parameter is disabled.

duration=time

Specifies the duration of the recording. Append s to specify the time in seconds, m for minutes, h for hours, or d for days (for example, specifying 5h means 5 hours). By default, the duration isn't limited, and this parameter is set to 0.

filename=path

Specifies the path and name of the file to which the recording is written when the recording is stopped, for example:

• recording.jfr
• /home/user/recordings/recording.jfr
• c:\recordings\recording.jfr

name=identifier

Takes both the name and the identifier of a recording.

maxage=time

Specifies the maximum age of disk data to keep for the recording. This parameter is valid only when the disk parameter is set to true. Append s to specify the time in seconds, m for minutes, h for hours, or d for days (for example, specifying 30s means 30 seconds). By default, the maximum age isn't limited, and this parameter is set to 0s.

maxsize=size

Specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of disk data to keep for the recording. This parameter is valid only when the disk parameter is set to true. The value must not be less than the value for the maxchunksize parameter set with -XX:FlightRecorderOptions. Append m or M to specify the size in megabytes, or g or G to specify the size in gigabytes. By default, the maximum size of disk data isn't limited, and this parameter is set to 0.

path-to-gc-roots={true|false}

Specifies whether to collect the path to garbage collection (GC) roots at the end of a recording. By default, this parameter is disabled.

The path to GC roots is useful for finding memory leaks, but collecting it is time-consuming. Enable this option only when you start a recording for an application that you suspect has a memory leak. If the settings parameter is set to profile, the stack trace from where the potential leaking object was allocated is included in the information collected.

settings=path

Specifies the path and name of the event settings file (of type JFC). By default, the default.jfc file is used, which is located in JAVA_HOME/lib/jfr. This default settings file collects a predefined set of information with low overhead, so it has minimal impact on performance and can be used with recordings that run continuously.

A second settings file is also provided, profile.jfc, which provides more data than the default configuration, but can have more overhead and impact performance. Use this configuration for short periods of time when more information is needed.

You can specify values for multiple parameters by separating them with a comma. Event settings and .jfc options can be specified using the following syntax:

option=value

Specifies the option value to modify. To list available options, use the JAVA_HOME/bin/jfr tool.

event-setting=value

Specifies the event setting value to modify. Use the form: #= To add a new event setting, prefix the event name with '+'.

You can specify values for multiple event settings and .jfc options by separating them with a comma. In case of a conflict between a parameter and a .jfc option, the parameter will take precedence. The whitespace delimiter can be omitted for timespan values, i.e. 20ms. For more information about the settings syntax, see Javadoc of the jdk.jfr package.

-XX:ThreadStackSize=size

Sets the Java thread stack size (in kilobytes). Use of a scaling suffix, such as k, results in the scaling of the kilobytes value so that -XX:ThreadStackSize=1k sets the Java thread stack size to 1024*1024 bytes or 1 megabyte. The default value depends on the platform:

• Linux/x64 (64-bit): 1024 KB

• macOS (64-bit): 1024 KB

• Windows: The default value depends on virtual memory

The following examples show how to set the thread stack size to 1 megabyte in different units:

-XX:ThreadStackSize=1k
-XX:ThreadStackSize=1024

This option is similar to -Xss.

-XX:-UseCompressedOops

Disables the use of compressed pointers. By default, this option is enabled, and compressed pointers are used. This will automatically limit the maximum ergonomically determined Java heap size to the maximum amount of memory that can be covered by compressed pointers. By default this range is 32 GB.

With compressed oops enabled, object references are represented as 32-bit offsets instead of 64-bit pointers, which typically increases performance when running the application with Java heap sizes smaller than the compressed oops pointer range. This option works only for 64-bit JVMs.

It's possible to use compressed pointers with Java heap sizes greater than 32 GB. See the -XX:ObjectAlignmentInBytes option.

-XX:-UseContainerSupport

The VM now provides automatic container detection support, which allows the VM to determine the amount of memory and number of processors that are available to a Java process running in docker containers. It uses this information to allocate system resources. This support is only available on Linux x64 platforms. If supported, the default for this flag is true, and container support is enabled by default. It can be disabled with -XX:-UseContainerSupport.

Unified Logging is available to help to diagnose issues related to this support.

Use -Xlog:os+container=trace for maximum logging of container information. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework for a description of using Unified Logging.

-XX:+UseHugeTLBFS

Linux only: This option is the equivalent of specifying -XX:+UseLargePages. This option is disabled by default. This option pre-allocates all large pages up-front, when memory is reserved; consequently the JVM can't dynamically grow or shrink large pages memory areas; see -XX:UseTransparentHugePages if you want this behavior.

See Large Pages.

-XX:+UseLargePages

Enables the use of large page memory. By default, this option is disabled and large page memory isn't used.

See Large Pages.

-XX:+UseTransparentHugePages

Linux only: Enables the use of large pages that can dynamically grow or shrink. This option is disabled by default. You may encounter performance problems with transparent huge pages as the OS moves other pages around to create huge pages; this option is made available for experimentation.

-XX:+AllowUserSignalHandlers

Enables installation of signal handlers by the application. By default, this option is disabled and the application isn't allowed to install signal handlers.

-XX:VMOptionsFile=filename

Allows user to specify VM options in a file, for example, java -XX:VMOptionsFile=/var/my_vm_options HelloWorld.

Advanced JIT Compiler Options for java

These java options control the dynamic just-in-time (JIT) compilation performed by the Java HotSpot VM.

-XX:AllocateInstancePrefetchLines=lines

Sets the number of lines to prefetch ahead of the instance allocation pointer. By default, the number of lines to prefetch is set to 1:

-XX:AllocateInstancePrefetchLines=1

-XX:AllocatePrefetchDistance=size

Sets the size (in bytes) of the prefetch distance for object allocation. Memory about to be written with the value of new objects is prefetched up to this distance starting from the address of the last allocated object. Each Java thread has its own allocation point.

Negative values denote that prefetch distance is chosen based on the platform. Positive values are bytes to prefetch. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value is set to -1.

The following example shows how to set the prefetch distance to 1024 bytes:

-XX:AllocatePrefetchDistance=1024

-XX:AllocatePrefetchInstr=instruction

Sets the prefetch instruction to prefetch ahead of the allocation pointer. Possible values are from 0 to 3. The actual instructions behind the values depend on the platform. By default, the prefetch instruction is set to 0:

-XX:AllocatePrefetchInstr=0

-XX:AllocatePrefetchLines=lines

Sets the number of cache lines to load after the last object allocation by using the prefetch instructions generated in compiled code. The default value is 1 if the last allocated object was an instance, and 3 if it was an array.

The following example shows how to set the number of loaded cache lines to 5:

-XX:AllocatePrefetchLines=5

-XX:AllocatePrefetchStepSize=size

Sets the step size (in bytes) for sequential prefetch instructions. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the step size is set to 16 bytes:

-XX:AllocatePrefetchStepSize=16

-XX:AllocatePrefetchStyle=style

Sets the generated code style for prefetch instructions. The style argument is an integer from 0 to 3:

0

Don't generate prefetch instructions.

1

Execute prefetch instructions after each allocation. This is the default setting.

2

Use the thread-local allocation block (TLAB) watermark pointer to determine when prefetch instructions are executed.

3

Generate one prefetch instruction per cache line.

-XX:+BackgroundCompilation

Enables background compilation. This option is enabled by default. To disable background compilation, specify -XX:-BackgroundCompilation (this is equivalent to specifying -Xbatch).

-XX:CICompilerCount=threads

Sets the number of compiler threads to use for compilation. By default, the number of compiler threads is selected automatically depending on the number of CPUs and memory available for compiled code. The following example shows how to set the number of threads to 2:

-XX:CICompilerCount=2

-XX:+UseDynamicNumberOfCompilerThreads

Dynamically create compiler thread up to the limit specified by -XX:CICompilerCount. This option is enabled by default.

-XX:CompileCommand=command,method[,option]

Specifies a command to perform on a method. For example, to exclude the indexOf() method of the String class from being compiled, use the following:

-XX:CompileCommand=exclude,java/lang/String.indexOf

Note that the full class name is specified, including all packages and subpackages separated by a slash (/). For easier cut-and-paste operations, it's also possible to use the method name format produced by the -XX:+PrintCompilation and -XX:+LogCompilation options:

-XX:CompileCommand=exclude,java.lang.String::indexOf

If the method is specified without the signature, then the command is applied to all methods with the specified name. However, you can also specify the signature of the method in the class file format. In this case, you should enclose the arguments in quotation marks, because otherwise the shell treats the semicolon as a command end. For example, if you want to exclude only the indexOf(String) method of the String class from being compiled, use the following:

-XX:CompileCommand="exclude,java/lang/String.indexOf,(Ljava/lang/String;)I"

You can also use the asterisk (*) as a wildcard for class and method names. For example, to exclude all indexOf() methods in all classes from being compiled, use the following:

-XX:CompileCommand=exclude,*.indexOf

The commas and periods are aliases for spaces, making it easier to pass compiler commands through a shell. You can pass arguments to -XX:CompileCommand using spaces as separators by enclosing the argument in quotation marks:

-XX:CompileCommand="exclude java/lang/String indexOf"

Note that after parsing the commands passed on the command line using the -XX:CompileCommand options, the JIT compiler then reads commands from the .hotspot_compiler file. You can add commands to this file or specify a different file using the -XX:CompileCommandFile option.

To add several commands, either specify the -XX:CompileCommand option multiple times, or separate each argument with the new line separator (\n). The following commands are available:

break

Sets a breakpoint when debugging the JVM to stop at the beginning of compilation of the specified method.

compileonly

Excludes all methods from compilation except for the specified method. As an alternative, you can use the -XX:CompileOnly option, which lets you specify several methods.

dontinline

Prevents inlining of the specified method.

exclude

Excludes the specified method from compilation.

help

Prints a help message for the -XX:CompileCommand option.

inline

Attempts to inline the specified method.

log

Excludes compilation logging (with the -XX:+LogCompilation option) for all methods except for the specified method. By default, logging is performed for all compiled methods.

option

Passes a JIT compilation option to the specified method in place of the last argument (option). The compilation option is set at the end, after the method name. For example, to enable the BlockLayoutByFrequency option for the append() method of the StringBuffer class, use the following:

-XX:CompileCommand=option,java/lang/StringBuffer.append,BlockLayoutByFrequency

You can specify multiple compilation options, separated by commas or spaces.

print

Prints generated assembler code after compilation of the specified method.

quiet

Instructs not to print the compile commands. By default, the commands that you specify with the -XX:CompileCommand option are printed; for example, if you exclude from compilation the indexOf() method of the String class, then the following is printed to standard output:

CompilerOracle: exclude java/lang/String.indexOf

You can suppress this by specifying the -XX:CompileCommand=quiet option before other -XX:CompileCommand options.

-XX:CompileCommandFile=filename

Sets the file from which JIT compiler commands are read. By default, the .hotspot_compiler file is used to store commands performed by the JIT compiler.

Each line in the command file represents a command, a class name, and a method name for which the command is used. For example, this line prints assembly code for the toString() method of the String class:

print java/lang/String toString

If you're using commands for the JIT compiler to perform on methods, then see the -XX:CompileCommand option.

-XX:CompilerDirectivesFile=file

Adds directives from a file to the directives stack when a program starts. See Compiler Control.

The -XX:CompilerDirectivesFile option has to be used together with the -XX:UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option that unlocks diagnostic JVM options.

-XX:+CompilerDirectivesPrint

Prints the directives stack when the program starts or when a new directive is added.

The -XX:+CompilerDirectivesPrint option has to be used together with the -XX:UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option that unlocks diagnostic JVM options.

-XX:CompileOnly=methods

Sets the list of methods (separated by commas) to which compilation should be restricted. Only the specified methods are compiled. Specify each method with the full class name (including the packages and subpackages). For example, to compile only the length() method of the String class and the size() method of the List class, use the following:

-XX:CompileOnly=java/lang/String.length,java/util/List.size

Note that the full class name is specified, including all packages and subpackages separated by a slash (/). For easier cut and paste operations, it's also possible to use the method name format produced by the -XX:+PrintCompilation and -XX:+LogCompilation options:

-XX:CompileOnly=java.lang.String::length,java.util.List::size

Although wildcards aren't supported, you can specify only the class or package name to compile all methods in that class or package, as well as specify just the method to compile methods with this name in any class:

-XX:CompileOnly=java/lang/String
-XX:CompileOnly=java/lang
-XX:CompileOnly=.length

-XX:CompileThresholdScaling=scale

Provides unified control of first compilation. This option controls when methods are first compiled for both the tiered and the nontiered modes of operation. The CompileThresholdScaling option has a floating point value between 0 and +Inf and scales the thresholds corresponding to the current mode of operation (both tiered and nontiered). Setting CompileThresholdScaling to a value less than 1.0 results in earlier compilation while values greater than 1.0 delay compilation. Setting CompileThresholdScaling to 0 is equivalent to disabling compilation.

-XX:+DoEscapeAnalysis

Enables the use of escape analysis. This option is enabled by default. To disable the use of escape analysis, specify -XX:-DoEscapeAnalysis.

-XX:InitialCodeCacheSize=size

Sets the initial code cache size (in bytes). Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value depends on the platform. The initial code cache size shouldn't be less than the system's minimal memory page size. The following example shows how to set the initial code cache size to 32 KB:

-XX:InitialCodeCacheSize=32k

-XX:+Inline

Enables method inlining. This option is enabled by default to increase performance. To disable method inlining, specify -XX:-Inline.

-XX:InlineSmallCode=size

Sets the maximum code size (in bytes) for already compiled methods that may be inlined. This flag only applies to the C2 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value depends on the platform and on whether tiered compilation is enabled. In the following example it is set to 1000 bytes:

-XX:InlineSmallCode=1000

-XX:+LogCompilation

Enables logging of compilation activity to a file named hotspot.log in the current working directory. You can specify a different log file path and name using the -XX:LogFile option.

By default, this option is disabled and compilation activity isn't logged. The -XX:+LogCompilation option has to be used together with the -XX:UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option that unlocks diagnostic JVM options.

You can enable verbose diagnostic output with a message printed to the console every time a method is compiled by using the -XX:+PrintCompilation option.

-XX:FreqInlineSize=size

Sets the maximum bytecode size (in bytes) of a hot method to be inlined. This flag only applies to the C2 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value depends on the platform. In the following example it is set to 325 bytes:

-XX:FreqInlineSize=325

-XX:MaxInlineSize=size

Sets the maximum bytecode size (in bytes) of a cold method to be inlined. This flag only applies to the C2 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the maximum bytecode size is set to 35 bytes:

-XX:MaxInlineSize=35

-XX:C1MaxInlineSize=size

Sets the maximum bytecode size (in bytes) of a cold method to be inlined. This flag only applies to the C1 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the maximum bytecode size is set to 35 bytes:

-XX:MaxInlineSize=35

-XX:MaxTrivialSize=size

Sets the maximum bytecode size (in bytes) of a trivial method to be inlined. This flag only applies to the C2 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the maximum bytecode size of a trivial method is set to 6 bytes:

-XX:MaxTrivialSize=6

-XX:C1MaxTrivialSize=size

Sets the maximum bytecode size (in bytes) of a trivial method to be inlined. This flag only applies to the C1 compiler. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. By default, the maximum bytecode size of a trivial method is set to 6 bytes:

-XX:MaxTrivialSize=6

-XX:MaxNodeLimit=nodes

Sets the maximum number of nodes to be used during single method compilation. By default the value depends on the features enabled. In the following example the maximum number of nodes is set to 100,000:

-XX:MaxNodeLimit=100000

-XX:NonNMethodCodeHeapSize=size

Sets the size in bytes of the code segment containing nonmethod code.

A nonmethod code segment containing nonmethod code, such as compiler buffers and the bytecode interpreter. This code type stays in the code cache forever. This flag is used only if -XX:SegmentedCodeCache is enabled.

-XX:NonProfiledCodeHeapSize=size

Sets the size in bytes of the code segment containing nonprofiled methods. This flag is used only if -XX:SegmentedCodeCache is enabled.

-XX:+OptimizeStringConcat

Enables the optimization of String concatenation operations. This option is enabled by default. To disable the optimization of String concatenation operations, specify -XX:-OptimizeStringConcat.

-XX:+PrintAssembly

Enables printing of assembly code for bytecoded and native methods by using the external hsdis-<arch>.so or .dll library. For 64-bit VM on Windows, it's hsdis-amd64.dll. This lets you to see the generated code, which may help you to diagnose performance issues.

By default, this option is disabled and assembly code isn't printed. The -XX:+PrintAssembly option has to be used together with the -XX:UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option that unlocks diagnostic JVM options.

-XX:ProfiledCodeHeapSize=size

Sets the size in bytes of the code segment containing profiled methods. This flag is used only if -XX:SegmentedCodeCache is enabled.

-XX:+PrintCompilation

Enables verbose diagnostic output from the JVM by printing a message to the console every time a method is compiled. This lets you to see which methods actually get compiled. By default, this option is disabled and diagnostic output isn't printed.

You can also log compilation activity to a file by using the -XX:+LogCompilation option.

-XX:+PrintInlining

Enables printing of inlining decisions. This let's you see which methods are getting inlined.

By default, this option is disabled and inlining information isn't printed. The -XX:+PrintInlining option has to be used together with the -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions option that unlocks diagnostic JVM options.

-XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=size

Sets the maximum code cache size (in bytes) for JIT-compiled code. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default maximum code cache size is 240 MB; if you disable tiered compilation with the option -XX:-TieredCompilation, then the default size is 48 MB. This option has a limit of 2 GB; otherwise, an error is generated. The maximum code cache size shouldn't be less than the initial code cache size; see the option -XX:InitialCodeCacheSize.

-XX:RTMAbortRatio=abort_ratio

Specifies the RTM abort ratio is specified as a percentage (%) of all executed RTM transactions. If a number of aborted transactions becomes greater than this ratio, then the compiled code is deoptimized. This ratio is used when the -XX:+UseRTMDeopt option is enabled. The default value of this option is 50. This means that the compiled code is deoptimized if 50% of all transactions are aborted.

-XX:RTMRetryCount=number_of_retries

Specifies the number of times that the RTM locking code is retried, when it is aborted or busy, before falling back to the normal locking mechanism. The default value for this option is 5. The -XX:UseRTMLocking option must be enabled.

-XX:+SegmentedCodeCache

Enables segmentation of the code cache. Without the -XX:+SegmentedCodeCache, the code cache consists of one large segment. With -XX:+SegmentedCodeCache, we have separate segments for nonmethod, profiled method, and nonprofiled method code. These segments aren't resized at runtime. The feature is enabled by default if tiered compilation is enabled (-XX:+TieredCompilation ) and -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize >= 240 MB. The advantages are better control of the memory footprint, reduced code fragmentation, and better iTLB/iCache behavior due to improved locality. iTLB/iCache is a CPU-specific term meaning Instruction Translation Lookaside Buffer (ITLB). ICache is an instruction cache in theCPU. The implementation of the code cache can be found in the file: /share/vm/code/codeCache.cpp.

-XX:StartAggressiveSweepingAt=percent

Forces stack scanning of active methods to aggressively remove unused code when only the given percentage of the code cache is free. The default value is 10%.

-XX:-TieredCompilation

Disables the use of tiered compilation. By default, this option is enabled.

-XX:UseSSE=version

Enables the use of SSE instruction set of a specified version. Is set by default to the highest supported version available (x86 only).

-XX:UseAVX=version

Enables the use of AVX instruction set of a specified version. Is set by default to the highest supported version available (x86 only).

-XX:+UseAES

Enables hardware-based AES intrinsics for hardware that supports it. This option is on by default on hardware that has the necessary instructions. The -XX:+UseAES is used in conjunction with UseAESIntrinsics. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseAESIntrinsics

Enables AES intrinsics. Specifying-XX:+UseAESIntrinsics is equivalent to also enabling -XX:+UseAES. To disable hardware-based AES intrinsics, specify -XX:-UseAES -XX:-UseAESIntrinsics. For example, to enable hardware AES, use the following flags:

-XX:+UseAES -XX:+UseAESIntrinsics

Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseAESCTRIntrinsics

Analogous to -XX:+UseAESIntrinsics enables AES/CTR intrinsics.

-XX:+UseGHASHIntrinsics

Controls the use of GHASH intrinsics. Enabled by default on platforms that support the corresponding instructions. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseBASE64Intrinsics

Controls the use of accelerated BASE64 encoding routines for java.util.Base64. Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseAdler32Intrinsics

Controls the use of Adler32 checksum algorithm intrinsic for java.util.zip.Adler32. Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseCRC32Intrinsics

Controls the use of CRC32 intrinsics for java.util.zip.CRC32. Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseCRC32CIntrinsics

Controls the use of CRC32C intrinsics for java.util.zip.CRC32C. Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseSHA

Enables hardware-based intrinsics for SHA crypto hash functions for some hardware. The UseSHA option is used in conjunction with the UseSHA1Intrinsics, UseSHA256Intrinsics, and UseSHA512Intrinsics options.

The UseSHA and UseSHA*Intrinsics flags are enabled by default on machines that support the corresponding instructions.

This feature is applicable only when using the sun.security.provider.Sun provider for SHA operations. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

To disable all hardware-based SHA intrinsics, specify the -XX:-UseSHA. To disable only a particular SHA intrinsic, use the appropriate corresponding option. For example: -XX:-UseSHA256Intrinsics.

-XX:+UseSHA1Intrinsics

Enables intrinsics for SHA-1 crypto hash function. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseSHA256Intrinsics

Enables intrinsics for SHA-224 and SHA-256 crypto hash functions. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseSHA512Intrinsics

Enables intrinsics for SHA-384 and SHA-512 crypto hash functions. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseMathExactIntrinsics

Enables intrinsification of various java.lang.Math.*Exact() functions. Enabled by default. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseMultiplyToLenIntrinsic

Enables intrinsification of BigInteger.multiplyToLen(). Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseSquareToLenIntrinsic

Enables intrinsification of BigInteger.squareToLen(). Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseMulAddIntrinsic

Enables intrinsification of BigInteger.mulAdd(). Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseMontgomeryMultiplyIntrinsic

Enables intrinsification of BigInteger.montgomeryMultiply(). Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseMontgomerySquareIntrinsic

Enables intrinsification of BigInteger.montgomerySquare(). Enabled by default on platforms that support it. Flags that control intrinsics now require the option -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.

-XX:+UseCMoveUnconditionally

Generates CMove (scalar and vector) instructions regardless of profitability analysis.

-XX:+UseCodeCacheFlushing

Enables flushing of the code cache before shutting down the compiler. This option is enabled by default. To disable flushing of the code cache before shutting down the compiler, specify -XX:-UseCodeCacheFlushing.

-XX:+UseCondCardMark

Enables checking if the card is already marked before updating the card table. This option is disabled by default. It should be used only on machines with multiple sockets, where it increases the performance of Java applications that rely on concurrent operations.

-XX:+UseCountedLoopSafepoints

Keeps safepoints in counted loops. Its default value depends on whether the selected garbage collector requires low latency safepoints.

-XX:LoopStripMiningIter=number_of_iterations

Controls the number of iterations in the inner strip mined loop. Strip mining transforms counted loops into two level nested loops. Safepoints are kept in the outer loop while the inner loop can execute at full speed. This option controls the maximum number of iterations in the inner loop. The default value is 1,000.

-XX:LoopStripMiningIterShortLoop=number_of_iterations

Controls loop strip mining optimization. Loops with the number of iterations less than specified will not have safepoints in them. Default value is 1/10th of -XX:LoopStripMiningIter.

-XX:+UseFMA

Enables hardware-based FMA intrinsics for hardware where FMA instructions are available (such as, Intel and ARM64). FMA intrinsics are generated for the java.lang.Math.fma(a, b, c) methods that calculate the value of ( a * b + c ) expressions.

-XX:+UseRTMDeopt

Autotunes RTM locking depending on the abort ratio. This ratio is specified by the -XX:RTMAbortRatio option. If the number of aborted transactions exceeds the abort ratio, then the method containing the lock is deoptimized and recompiled with all locks as normal locks. This option is disabled by default. The -XX:+UseRTMLocking option must be enabled.

-XX:+UseRTMLocking

Generates Restricted Transactional Memory (RTM) locking code for all inflated locks, with the normal locking mechanism as the fallback handler. This option is disabled by default. Options related to RTM are available only on x86 CPUs that support Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX).

RTM is part of Intel's TSX, which is an x86 instruction set extension and facilitates the creation of multithreaded applications. RTM introduces the new instructions XBEGIN, XABORT, XEND, and XTEST. The XBEGIN and XEND instructions enclose a set of instructions to run as a transaction. If no conflict is found when running the transaction, then the memory and register modifications are committed together at the XEND instruction. The XABORT instruction can be used to explicitly abort a transaction and the XTEST instruction checks if a set of instructions is being run in a transaction.

A lock on a transaction is inflated when another thread tries to access the same transaction, thereby blocking the thread that didn't originally request access to the transaction. RTM requires that a fallback set of operations be specified in case a transaction aborts or fails. An RTM lock is a lock that has been delegated to the TSX's system.

RTM improves performance for highly contended locks with low conflict in a critical region (which is code that must not be accessed by more than one thread concurrently). RTM also improves the performance of coarse-grain locking, which typically doesn't perform well in multithreaded applications. (Coarse-grain locking is the strategy of holding locks for long periods to minimize the overhead of taking and releasing locks, while fine-grained locking is the strategy of trying to achieve maximum parallelism by locking only when necessary and unlocking as soon as possible.) Also, for lightly contended locks that are used by different threads, RTM can reduce false cache line sharing, also known as cache line ping-pong. This occurs when multiple threads from different processors are accessing different resources, but the resources share the same cache line. As a result, the processors repeatedly invalidate the cache lines of other processors, which forces them to read from main memory instead of their cache.

-XX:+UseSuperWord

Enables the transformation of scalar operations into superword operations. Superword is a vectorization optimization. This option is enabled by default. To disable the transformation of scalar operations into superword operations, specify -XX:-UseSuperWord.

Advanced Serviceability Options for Java

These java options provide the ability to gather system information and perform extensive debugging.

-XX:+DisableAttachMechanism

Disables the mechanism that lets tools attach to the JVM. By default, this option is disabled, meaning that the attach mechanism is enabled and you can use diagnostics and troubleshooting tools such as jcmd, jstack, jmap, and jinfo.

Note: The tools such as jcmd, jinfo, jmap, and jstack shipped with the JDK aren't supported when using the tools from one JDK version to troubleshoot a different JDK version.

-XX:+ExtendedDTraceProbes

Linux and macOS: Enables additional dtrace tool probes that affect the performance. By default, this option is disabled and dtrace performs only standard probes.

-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError

Enables the dumping of the Java heap to a file in the current directory by using the heap profiler (HPROF) when a java.lang.OutOfMemoryError exception is thrown. You can explicitly set the heap dump file path and name using the -XX:HeapDumpPath option. By default, this option is disabled and the heap isn't dumped when an OutOfMemoryError exception is thrown.

-XX:HeapDumpPath=path

Sets the path and file name for writing the heap dump provided by the heap profiler (HPROF) when the -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError option is set. By default, the file is created in the current working directory, and it's named java_pid<pid>.hprof where <pid> is the identifier of the process that caused the error. The following example shows how to set the default file explicitly (%p represents the current process identifier):

-XX:HeapDumpPath=./java_pid%p.hprof

• Linux and macOS: The following example shows how to set the heap dump file to /var/log/java/java_heapdump.hprof:

  -XX:HeapDumpPath=/var/log/java/java_heapdump.hprof

• Windows: The following example shows how to set the heap dump file to C:/log/java/java_heapdump.log:

  -XX:HeapDumpPath=C:/log/java/java_heapdump.log

-XX:LogFile=path

Sets the path and file name to where log data is written. By default, the file is created in the current working directory, and it's named hotspot.log.

• Linux and macOS: The following example shows how to set the log file to /var/log/java/hotspot.log:

  -XX:LogFile=/var/log/java/hotspot.log

• Windows: The following example shows how to set the log file to C:/log/java/hotspot.log:

  -XX:LogFile=C:/log/java/hotspot.log

-XX:+PrintClassHistogram

Enables printing of a class instance histogram after one of the following events:

• Linux and macOS: Control+Break

• Windows: Control+C (SIGTERM)

By default, this option is disabled.

Setting this option is equivalent to running the jmap -histo command, or the jcmd pid GC.class_histogram command, where pid is the current Java process identifier.

-XX:+PrintConcurrentLocks

Enables printing of java.util.concurrent locks after one of the following events:

• Linux and macOS: Control+Break

• Windows: Control+C (SIGTERM)

By default, this option is disabled.

Setting this option is equivalent to running the jstack -l command or the jcmd pid Thread.print -l command, where pid is the current Java process identifier.

-XX:+PrintFlagsRanges

Prints the range specified and allows automatic testing of the values. See Validate Java Virtual Machine Flag Arguments.

-XX:+PerfDataSaveToFile

If enabled, saves jstat binary data when the Java application exits. This binary data is saved in a file named hsperfdata_pid, where pid is the process identifier of the Java application that you ran. Use the jstat command to display the performance data contained in this file as follows:

jstat -class file:///path/hsperfdata_pid

jstat -gc file:///path/hsperfdata_pid

-XX:+UsePerfData

Enables the perfdata feature. This option is enabled by default to allow JVM monitoring and performance testing. Disabling it suppresses the creation of the hsperfdata_userid directories. To disable the perfdata feature, specify -XX:-UsePerfData.

Advanced Garbage Collection Options for Java

These java options control how garbage collection (GC) is performed by the Java HotSpot VM.

-XX:+AggressiveHeap

Enables Java heap optimization. This sets various parameters to be optimal for long-running jobs with intensive memory allocation, based on the configuration of the computer (RAM and CPU). By default, the option is disabled and the heap sizes are configured less aggressively.

-XX:+AlwaysPreTouch

Requests the VM to touch every page on the Java heap after requesting it from the operating system and before handing memory out to the application. By default, this option is disabled and all pages are committed as the application uses the heap space.

-XX:ConcGCThreads=threads

Sets the number of threads used for concurrent GC. Sets threads to approximately 1/4 of the number of parallel garbage collection threads. The default value depends on the number of CPUs available to the JVM.

For example, to set the number of threads for concurrent GC to 2, specify the following option:

-XX:ConcGCThreads=2

-XX:+DisableExplicitGC

Enables the option that disables processing of calls to the System.gc() method. This option is disabled by default, meaning that calls to System.gc() are processed. If processing of calls to System.gc() is disabled, then the JVM still performs GC when necessary.

-XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent

Enables invoking of concurrent GC by using the System.gc() request. This option is disabled by default and can be enabled only with the -XX:+UseG1GC option.

-XX:G1AdaptiveIHOPNumInitialSamples=number

When -XX:UseAdaptiveIHOP is enabled, this option sets the number of completed marking cycles used to gather samples until G1 adaptively determines the optimum value of -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent. Before, G1 uses the value of -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent directly for this purpose. The default value is 3.

-XX:G1HeapRegionSize=size

Sets the size of the regions into which the Java heap is subdivided when using the garbage-first (G1) collector. The value is a power of 2 and can range from 1 MB to 32 MB. The default region size is determined ergonomically based on the heap size with a goal of approximately 2048 regions.

The following example sets the size of the subdivisions to 16 MB:

-XX:G1HeapRegionSize=16m

-XX:G1HeapWastePercent=percent

Sets the percentage of heap that you're willing to waste. The Java HotSpot VM doesn't initiate the mixed garbage collection cycle when the reclaimable percentage is less than the heap waste percentage. The default is 5 percent.

-XX:G1MaxNewSizePercent=percent

Sets the percentage of the heap size to use as the maximum for the young generation size. The default value is 60 percent of your Java heap.

This is an experimental flag. This setting replaces the -XX:DefaultMaxNewGenPercent setting.

-XX:G1MixedGCCountTarget=number

Sets the target number of mixed garbage collections after a marking cycle to collect old regions with at most G1MixedGCLIveThresholdPercent live data. The default is 8 mixed garbage collections. The goal for mixed collections is to be within this target number.

-XX:G1MixedGCLiveThresholdPercent=percent

Sets the occupancy threshold for an old region to be included in a mixed garbage collection cycle. The default occupancy is 85 percent.

This is an experimental flag. This setting replaces the -XX:G1OldCSetRegionLiveThresholdPercent setting.

-XX:G1NewSizePercent=percent

Sets the percentage of the heap to use as the minimum for the young generation size. The default value is 5 percent of your Java heap.

This is an experimental flag. This setting replaces the -XX:DefaultMinNewGenPercent setting.

-XX:G1OldCSetRegionThresholdPercent=percent

Sets an upper limit on the number of old regions to be collected during a mixed garbage collection cycle. The default is 10 percent of the Java heap.

-XX:G1ReservePercent=percent

Sets the percentage of the heap (0 to 50) that's reserved as a false ceiling to reduce the possibility of promotion failure for the G1 collector. When you increase or decrease the percentage, ensure that you adjust the total Java heap by the same amount. By default, this option is set to 10%.

The following example sets the reserved heap to 20%:

-XX:G1ReservePercent=20

-XX:+G1UseAdaptiveIHOP

Controls adaptive calculation of the old generation occupancy to start background work preparing for an old generation collection. If enabled, G1 uses -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent for the first few times as specified by the value of -XX:G1AdaptiveIHOPNumInitialSamples, and after that adaptively calculates a new optimum value for the initiating occupancy automatically. Otherwise, the old generation collection process always starts at the old generation occupancy determined by -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent.

The default is enabled.

-XX:InitialHeapSize=size

Sets the initial size (in bytes) of the memory allocation pool. This value must be either 0, or a multiple of 1024 and greater than 1 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value is selected at run time based on the system configuration.

The following examples show how to set the size of allocated memory to 6 MB using various units:

-XX:InitialHeapSize=6291456
-XX:InitialHeapSize=6144k
-XX:InitialHeapSize=6m

If you set this option to 0, then the initial size is set as the sum of the sizes allocated for the old generation and the young generation. The size of the heap for the young generation can be set using the -XX:NewSize option.

-XX:InitialRAMPercentage=percent

Sets the initial amount of memory that the JVM will use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a percentage of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option. The default value is 1.5625 percent.

The following example shows how to set the percentage of the initial amount of memory used for the Java heap:

-XX:InitialRAMPercentage=5

-XX:InitialSurvivorRatio=ratio

Sets the initial survivor space ratio used by the throughput garbage collector (which is enabled by the -XX:+UseParallelGC option). Adaptive sizing is enabled by default with the throughput garbage collector by using the -XX:+UseParallelGC option, and the survivor space is resized according to the application behavior, starting with the initial value. If adaptive sizing is disabled (using the -XX:-UseAdaptiveSizePolicy option), then the -XX:SurvivorRatio option should be used to set the size of the survivor space for the entire execution of the application.

The following formula can be used to calculate the initial size of survivor space (S) based on the size of the young generation (Y), and the initial survivor space ratio (R):

S=Y/(R+2)

The 2 in the equation denotes two survivor spaces. The larger the value specified as the initial survivor space ratio, the smaller the initial survivor space size.

By default, the initial survivor space ratio is set to 8. If the default value for the young generation space size is used (2 MB), then the initial size of the survivor space is 0.2 MB.

The following example shows how to set the initial survivor space ratio to 4:

-XX:InitialSurvivorRatio=4

-XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=percent

Sets the percentage of the old generation occupancy (0 to 100) at which to start the first few concurrent marking cycles for the G1 garbage collector.

By default, the initiating value is set to 45%. A value of 0 implies nonstop concurrent GC cycles from the beginning until G1 adaptively sets this value.

See also the -XX:G1UseAdaptiveIHOP and -XX:G1AdaptiveIHOPNumInitialSamples options.

The following example shows how to set the initiating heap occupancy to 75%:

-XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=75

-XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=time

Sets a target for the maximum GC pause time (in milliseconds). This is a soft goal, and the JVM will make its best effort to achieve it. The specified value doesn't adapt to your heap size. By default, for G1 the maximum pause time target is 200 milliseconds. The other generational collectors do not use a pause time goal by default.

The following example shows how to set the maximum target pause time to 500 ms:

-XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=500

-XX:MaxHeapSize=size

Sets the maximum size (in byes) of the memory allocation pool. This value must be a multiple of 1024 and greater than 2 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value is selected at run time based on the system configuration. For server deployments, the options -XX:InitialHeapSize and -XX:MaxHeapSize are often set to the same value.

The following examples show how to set the maximum allowed size of allocated memory to 80 MB using various units:

-XX:MaxHeapSize=83886080
-XX:MaxHeapSize=81920k
-XX:MaxHeapSize=80m

The -XX:MaxHeapSize option is equivalent to -Xmx.

-XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=percent

Sets the maximum allowed percentage of free heap space (0 to 100) after a GC event. If free heap space expands above this value, then the heap is shrunk. By default, this value is set to 70%.

Minimize the Java heap size by lowering the values of the parameters MaxHeapFreeRatio (default value is 70%) and MinHeapFreeRatio (default value is 40%) with the command-line options -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio and -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio. Lowering MaxHeapFreeRatio to as low as 10% and MinHeapFreeRatio to 5% has successfully reduced the heap size without too much performance regression; however, results may vary greatly depending on your application. Try different values for these parameters until they're as low as possible yet still retain acceptable performance.

-XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=10 -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=5

Customers trying to keep the heap small should also add the option -XX:-ShrinkHeapInSteps. See Performance Tuning Examples for a description of using this option to keep the Java heap small by reducing the dynamic footprint for embedded applications.

-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=size

Sets the maximum amount of native memory that can be allocated for class metadata. By default, the size isn't limited. The amount of metadata for an application depends on the application itself, other running applications, and the amount of memory available on the system.

The following example shows how to set the maximum class metadata size to 256 MB:

-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=256m

-XX:MaxNewSize=size

Sets the maximum size (in bytes) of the heap for the young generation (nursery). The default value is set ergonomically.

-XX:MaxRAM=size

Sets the maximum amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics. The default value is the maximum amount of available memory to the JVM process or 128 GB, whichever is lower.

The maximum amount of available memory to the JVM process is the minimum of the machine's physical memory and any constraints set by the environment (e.g. container).

Specifying this option disables automatic use of compressed oops if the combined result of this and other options influencing the maximum amount of memory is larger than the range of memory addressable by compressed oops. See -XX:UseCompressedOops for further information about compressed oops.

The following example shows how to set the maximum amount of available memory for sizing the Java heap to 2 GB:

-XX:MaxRAM=2G

-XX:MaxRAMPercentage=percent

Sets the maximum amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a percentage of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option. The default value is 25 percent.

Specifying this option disables automatic use of compressed oops if the combined result of this and other options influencing the maximum amount of memory is larger than the range of memory addressable by compressed oops. See -XX:UseCompressedOops for further information about compressed oops.

The following example shows how to set the percentage of the maximum amount of memory used for the Java heap:

-XX:MaxRAMPercentage=75

-XX:MinRAMPercentage=percent

Sets the maximum amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a percentage of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option for small heaps. A small heap is a heap of approximately 125 MB. The default value is 50 percent.

The following example shows how to set the percentage of the maximum amount of memory used for the Java heap for small heaps:

-XX:MinRAMPercentage=75

-XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=threshold

Sets the maximum tenuring threshold for use in adaptive GC sizing. The largest value is 15. The default value is 15 for the parallel (throughput) collector.

The following example shows how to set the maximum tenuring threshold to 10:

-XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=10

-XX:MetaspaceSize=size

Sets the size of the allocated class metadata space that triggers a garbage collection the first time it's exceeded. This threshold for a garbage collection is increased or decreased depending on the amount of metadata used. The default size depends on the platform.

-XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=percent

Sets the minimum allowed percentage of free heap space (0 to 100) after a GC event. If free heap space falls below this value, then the heap is expanded. By default, this value is set to 40%.

Minimize Java heap size by lowering the values of the parameters MaxHeapFreeRatio (default value is 70%) and MinHeapFreeRatio (default value is 40%) with the command-line options -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio and -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio. Lowering MaxHeapFreeRatio to as low as 10% and MinHeapFreeRatio to 5% has successfully reduced the heap size without too much performance regression; however, results may vary greatly depending on your application. Try different values for these parameters until they're as low as possible, yet still retain acceptable performance.

-XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=10 -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=5

Customers trying to keep the heap small should also add the option -XX:-ShrinkHeapInSteps. See Performance Tuning Examples for a description of using this option to keep the Java heap small by reducing the dynamic footprint for embedded applications.

-XX:MinHeapSize=size

Sets the minimum size (in bytes) of the memory allocation pool. This value must be either 0, or a multiple of 1024 and greater than 1 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. The default value is selected at run time based on the system configuration.

The following examples show how to set the mimimum size of allocated memory to 6 MB using various units:

-XX:MinHeapSize=6291456
-XX:MinHeapSize=6144k
-XX:MinHeapSize=6m

If you set this option to 0, then the minimum size is set to the same value as the initial size.

-XX:NewRatio=ratio

Sets the ratio between young and old generation sizes. By default, this option is set to 2. The following example shows how to set the young-to-old ratio to 1:

-XX:NewRatio=1

-XX:NewSize=size

Sets the initial size (in bytes) of the heap for the young generation (nursery). Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes.

The young generation region of the heap is used for new objects. GC is performed in this region more often than in other regions. If the size for the young generation is too low, then a large number of minor GCs are performed. If the size is too high, then only full GCs are performed, which can take a long time to complete. It is recommended that you keep the size for the young generation greater than 25% and less than 50% of the overall heap size.

The following examples show how to set the initial size of the young generation to 256 MB using various units:

-XX:NewSize=256m
-XX:NewSize=262144k
-XX:NewSize=268435456

The -XX:NewSize option is equivalent to -Xmn.

-XX:ParallelGCThreads=threads

Sets the number of the stop-the-world (STW) worker threads. The default value depends on the number of CPUs available to the JVM and the garbage collector selected.

For example, to set the number of threads for G1 GC to 2, specify the following option:

-XX:ParallelGCThreads=2

-XX:+ParallelRefProcEnabled

Enables parallel reference processing. By default, this option is disabled.

-XX:+PrintAdaptiveSizePolicy

Enables printing of information about adaptive-generation sizing. By default, this option is disabled.

-XX:+ScavengeBeforeFullGC

Enables GC of the young generation before each full GC. This option is enabled by default. It is recommended that you don't disable it, because scavenging the young generation before a full GC can reduce the number of objects reachable from the old generation space into the young generation space. To disable GC of the young generation before each full GC, specify the option -XX:-ScavengeBeforeFullGC.

-XX:SoftRefLRUPolicyMSPerMB=time

Sets the amount of time (in milliseconds) a softly reachable object is kept active on the heap after the last time it was referenced. The default value is one second of lifetime per free megabyte in the heap. The -XX:SoftRefLRUPolicyMSPerMB option accepts integer values representing milliseconds per one megabyte of the current heap size (for Java HotSpot Client VM) or the maximum possible heap size (for Java HotSpot Server VM). This difference means that the Client VM tends to flush soft references rather than grow the heap, whereas the Server VM tends to grow the heap rather than flush soft references. In the latter case, the value of the -Xmx option has a significant effect on how quickly soft references are garbage collected.

The following example shows how to set the value to 2.5 seconds:

-XX:SoftRefLRUPolicyMSPerMB=2500

-XX:-ShrinkHeapInSteps

Incrementally reduces the Java heap to the target size, specified by the option -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio. This option is enabled by default. If disabled, then it immediately reduces the Java heap to the target size instead of requiring multiple garbage collection cycles. Disable this option if you want to minimize the Java heap size. You will likely encounter performance degradation when this option is disabled.

See Performance Tuning Examples for a description of using the MaxHeapFreeRatio option to keep the Java heap small by reducing the dynamic footprint for embedded applications.

-XX:StringDeduplicationAgeThreshold=threshold

Identifies String objects reaching the specified age that are considered candidates for deduplication. An object's age is a measure of how many times it has survived garbage collection. This is sometimes referred to as tenuring.

Note: String objects that are promoted to an old heap region before this age has been reached are always considered candidates for deduplication. The default value for this option is 3. See the -XX:+UseStringDeduplication option.

-XX:SurvivorRatio=ratio

Sets the ratio between eden space size and survivor space size. By default, this option is set to 8. The following example shows how to set the eden/survivor space ratio to 4:

-XX:SurvivorRatio=4

-XX:TargetSurvivorRatio=percent

Sets the desired percentage of survivor space (0 to 100) used after young garbage collection. By default, this option is set to 50%.

The following example shows how to set the target survivor space ratio to 30%:

-XX:TargetSurvivorRatio=30

-XX:TLABSize=size

Sets the initial size (in bytes) of a thread-local allocation buffer (TLAB). Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, m or M to indicate megabytes, or g or G to indicate gigabytes. If this option is set to 0, then the JVM selects the initial size automatically.

The following example shows how to set the initial TLAB size to 512 KB:

-XX:TLABSize=512k

-XX:+UseAdaptiveSizePolicy

Enables the use of adaptive generation sizing. This option is enabled by default. To disable adaptive generation sizing, specify -XX:-UseAdaptiveSizePolicy and set the size of the memory allocation pool explicitly. See the -XX:SurvivorRatio option.

-XX:+UseG1GC

Enables the use of the garbage-first (G1) garbage collector. It's a server-style garbage collector, targeted for multiprocessor machines with a large amount of RAM. This option meets GC pause time goals with high probability, while maintaining good throughput. The G1 collector is recommended for applications requiring large heaps (sizes of around 6 GB or larger) with limited GC latency requirements (a stable and predictable pause time below 0.5 seconds). By default, this option is enabled and G1 is used as the default garbage collector.

-XX:+UseGCOverheadLimit

Enables the use of a policy that limits the proportion of time spent by the JVM on GC before an OutOfMemoryError exception is thrown. This option is enabled, by default, and the parallel GC will throw an OutOfMemoryError if more than 98% of the total time is spent on garbage collection and less than 2% of the heap is recovered. When the heap is small, this feature can be used to prevent applications from running for long periods of time with little or no progress. To disable this option, specify the option -XX:-UseGCOverheadLimit.

-XX:+UseNUMA

Enables performance optimization of an application on a machine with nonuniform memory architecture (NUMA) by increasing the application's use of lower latency memory. By default, this option is disabled and no optimization for NUMA is made. The option is available only when the parallel garbage collector is used (-XX:+UseParallelGC).

-XX:+UseParallelGC

Enables the use of the parallel scavenge garbage collector (also known as the throughput collector) to improve the performance of your application by leveraging multiple processors.

By default, this option is disabled and the default collector is used.

-XX:+UseSerialGC

Enables the use of the serial garbage collector. This is generally the best choice for small and simple applications that don't require any special functionality from garbage collection. By default, this option is disabled and the default collector is used.

-XX:+UseSHM

Linux only: Enables the JVM to use shared memory to set up large pages.

See Large Pages for setting up large pages.

-XX:+UseStringDeduplication

Enables string deduplication. By default, this option is disabled. To use this option, you must enable the garbage-first (G1) garbage collector.

String deduplication reduces the memory footprint of String objects on the Java heap by taking advantage of the fact that many String objects are identical. Instead of each String object pointing to its own character array, identical String objects can point to and share the same character array.

-XX:+UseTLAB

Enables the use of thread-local allocation blocks (TLABs) in the young generation space. This option is enabled by default. To disable the use of TLABs, specify the option -XX:-UseTLAB.

-XX:+UseZGC

Enables the use of the Z garbage collector (ZGC). This is a low latency garbage collector, providing max pause times of a few milliseconds, at some throughput cost. Pause times are independent of what heap size is used. Supports heap sizes from 8MB to 16TB.

-XX:ZAllocationSpikeTolerance=factor

Sets the allocation spike tolerance for ZGC. By default, this option is set to 2.0. This factor describes the level of allocation spikes to expect. For example, using a factor of 3.0 means the current allocation rate can be expected to triple at any time.

-XX:ZCollectionInterval=seconds

Sets the maximum interval (in seconds) between two GC cycles when using ZGC. By default, this option is set to 0 (disabled).

-XX:ZFragmentationLimit=percent

Sets the maximum acceptable heap fragmentation (in percent) for ZGC. By default, this option is set to 25. Using a lower value will cause the heap to be compacted more aggressively, to reclaim more memory at the cost of using more CPU time.

-XX:+ZProactive

Enables proactive GC cycles when using ZGC. By default, this option is enabled. ZGC will start a proactive GC cycle if doing so is expected to have minimal impact on the running application. This is useful if the application is mostly idle or allocates very few objects, but you still want to keep the heap size down and allow reference processing to happen even when there are a lot of free space on the heap.

-XX:+ZUncommit

Enables uncommitting of unused heap memory when using ZGC. By default, this option is enabled. Uncommitting unused heap memory will lower the memory footprint of the JVM, and make that memory available for other processes to use.

-XX:ZUncommitDelay=seconds

Sets the amount of time (in seconds) that heap memory must have been unused before being uncommitted. By default, this option is set to 300 (5 minutes). Committing and uncommitting memory are relatively expensive operations. Using a lower value will cause heap memory to be uncommitted earlier, at the risk of soon having to commit it again.

Deprecated Java Options

These java options are deprecated and might be removed in a future JDK release. They're still accepted and acted upon, but a warning is issued when they're used.

-Xfuture

Enables strict class-file format checks that enforce close conformance to the class-file format specification. Developers should use this flag when developing new code. Stricter checks may become the default in future releases.

-Xloggc:filename

Sets the file to which verbose GC events information should be redirected for logging. The -Xloggc option overrides -verbose:gc if both are given with the same java command. -Xloggc:filename is replaced by -Xlog:gc:filename. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework.

Example:

-Xlog:gc:garbage-collection.log

-XX:+FlightRecorder

Enables the use of Java Flight Recorder (JFR) during the runtime of the application. Since JDK 8u40 this option has not been required to use JFR.

-XX:InitialRAMFraction=ratio

Sets the initial amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a ratio of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option. The default value is 64.

Use the option -XX:InitialRAMPercentage instead.

-XX:MaxRAMFraction=ratio

Sets the maximum amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a fraction of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option. The default value is 4.

Specifying this option disables automatic use of compressed oops if the combined result of this and other options influencing the maximum amount of memory is larger than the range of memory addressable by compressed oops. See -XX:UseCompressedOops for further information about compressed oops.

Use the option -XX:MaxRAMPercentage instead.

-XX:MinRAMFraction=ratio

Sets the maximum amount of memory that the JVM may use for the Java heap before applying ergonomics heuristics as a fraction of the maximum amount determined as described in the -XX:MaxRAM option for small heaps. A small heap is a heap of approximately 125 MB. The default value is 2.

Use the option -XX:MinRAMPercentage instead.

-XX:+UseBiasedLocking

Enables the use of biased locking. Some applications with significant amounts of uncontended synchronization may attain significant speedups with this flag enabled, but applications with certain patterns of locking may see slowdowns.

By default, this option is disabled.

Obsolete Java Options

These java options are still accepted but ignored, and a warning is issued when they're used.

--illegal-access=parameter

Controlled relaxed strong encapsulation, as defined in JEP 261. This option was deprecated in JDK 16 by JEP 396 and made obsolete in JDK 17 by JEP 403.

Removed Java Options

These java options have been removed in JDK 17 and using them results in an error of:

Unrecognized VM option option-name

-XX:+UseMembar

Enabled issuing membars on thread-state transitions. This option was disabled by default on all platforms except ARM servers, where it was enabled.

-XX:MaxPermSize=size

Sets the maximum permanent generation space size (in bytes). This option was deprecated in JDK 8 and superseded by the -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize option.

-XX:PermSize=size

Sets the space (in bytes) allocated to the permanent generation that triggers a garbage collection if it's exceeded. This option was deprecated in JDK 8 and superseded by the -XX:MetaspaceSize option.

-XX:+TraceClassLoading

Enables tracing of classes as they are loaded. By default, this option is disabled and classes aren't traced.

The replacement Unified Logging syntax is -Xlog:class+load=level. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework

Use level=info for regular information, or level=debug for additional information. In Unified Logging syntax, -verbose:class equals -Xlog:class+load=info,class+unload=info.

-XX:+TraceClassLoadingPreorder

Enables tracing of all loaded classes in the order in which they're referenced. By default, this option is disabled and classes aren't traced.

The replacement Unified Logging syntax is -Xlog:class+preorder=debug. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework.

-XX:+TraceClassResolution

Enables tracing of constant pool resolutions. By default, this option is disabled and constant pool resolutions aren't traced.

The replacement Unified Logging syntax is -Xlog:class+resolve=debug. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework.

-XX:+TraceLoaderConstraints

Enables tracing of the loader constraints recording. By default, this option is disabled and loader constraints recording isn't traced.

The replacement Unified Logging syntax is -Xlog:class+loader+constraints=info. See Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework.

For the lists and descriptions of options removed in previous releases see the Removed Java Options section in:

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 16

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 15

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 14

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 13

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 12

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 11

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 10

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 9

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 8 for Oracle JDK on Windows

• Java Platform, Standard Edition Tools Reference, Release 8 for Oracle JDK on Solaris, Linux, and macOS

java Command-Line Argument Files

You can shorten or simplify the java command by using @ argument files to specify one or more text files that contain arguments, such as options and class names, which are passed to the java command. This let's you to create java commands of any length on any operating system.

In the command line, use the at sign (@) prefix to identify an argument file that contains java options and class names. When the java command encounters a file beginning with the at sign (@), it expands the contents of that file into an argument list just as they would be specified on the command line.

The java launcher expands the argument file contents until it encounters the --disable-@files option. You can use the --disable-@files option anywhere on the command line, including in an argument file, to stop @ argument files expansion.

The following items describe the syntax of java argument files:

• The argument file must contain only ASCII characters or characters in system default encoding that's ASCII friendly, such as UTF-8.

• The argument file size must not exceed MAXINT (2,147,483,647) bytes.

• The launcher doesn't expand wildcards that are present within an argument file.

• Use white space or new line characters to separate arguments included in the file.

• White space includes a white space character, \t, \n, \r, and \f.

  For example, it is possible to have a path with a space, such as c:\Program Files that can be specified as either "c:\\Program Files" or, to avoid an escape, c:\Program" "Files.

• Any option that contains spaces, such as a path component, must be within quotation marks using quotation ('"') characters in its entirety.

• A string within quotation marks may contain the characters \n, \r, \t, and \f. They are converted to their respective ASCII codes.

• If a file name contains embedded spaces, then put the whole file name in double quotation marks.

• File names in an argument file are relative to the current directory, not to the location of the argument file.

• Use the number sign # in the argument file to identify comments. All characters following the # are ignored until the end of line.

• Additional at sign @ prefixes to @ prefixed options act as an escape, (the first @ is removed and the rest of the arguments are presented to the launcher literally).

• Lines may be continued using the continuation character (\) at the end-of-line. The two lines are concatenated with the leading white spaces trimmed. To prevent trimming the leading white spaces, a continuation character (\) may be placed at the first column.

• Because backslash (\) is an escape character, a backslash character must be escaped with another backslash character.

• Partial quote is allowed and is closed by an end-of-file.

• An open quote stops at end-of-line unless \ is the last character, which then joins the next line by removing all leading white space characters.

• Wildcards (*) aren't allowed in these lists (such as specifying *.java).

• Use of the at sign (@) to recursively interpret files isn't supported.

Example of Open or Partial Quotes in an Argument File

In the argument file,

-cp "lib/
cool/
app/
jars

this is interpreted as:

-cp lib/cool/app/jars

Example of a Backslash Character Escaped with Another Backslash Character in an Argument File

To output the following:

-cp c:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre\lib\ext;c:\Program Files\Java\jre9\lib\ext

The backslash character must be specified in the argument file as:

-cp "c:\\Program Files (x86)\\Java\\jre\\lib\\ext;c:\\Program Files\\Java\\jre9\\lib\\ext"

Example of an EOL Escape Used to Force Concatenation of Lines in an Argument File

In the argument file,

-cp "/lib/cool app/jars:\
    /lib/another app/jars"

This is interpreted as:

-cp /lib/cool app/jars:/lib/another app/jars

Example of Line Continuation with Leading Spaces in an Argument File

In the argument file,

-cp "/lib/cool\
\app/jars???

This is interpreted as:

-cp /lib/cool app/jars

Examples of Using Single Argument File

You can use a single argument file, such as myargumentfile in the following example, to hold all required java arguments:

java @myargumentfile

Examples of Using Argument Files with Paths

You can include relative paths in argument files; however, they're relative to the current working directory and not to the paths of the argument files themselves. In the following example, path1/options and path2/options represent argument files with different paths. Any relative paths that they contain are relative to the current working directory and not to the argument files:

java @path1/options @path2/classes

Code Heap State Analytics

Overview

There are occasions when having insight into the current state of the JVM code heap would be helpful to answer questions such as:

• Why was the JIT turned off and then on again and again?

• Where has all the code heap space gone?

• Why is the method sweeper not working effectively?

To provide this insight, a code heap state analytics feature has been implemented that enables on-the-fly analysis of the code heap. The analytics process is divided into two parts. The first part examines the entire code heap and aggregates all information that is believed to be useful or important. The second part consists of several independent steps that print the collected information with an emphasis on different aspects of the data. Data collection and printing are done on an "on request" basis.

Syntax

Requests for real-time, on-the-fly analysis can be issued with the following command:

jcmd pid Compiler.CodeHeap_Analytics [function] [granularity]

If you are only interested in how the code heap looks like after running a sample workload, you can use the command line option:

-Xlog:codecache=Trace

To see the code heap state when a "CodeCache full" condition exists, start the VM with the command line option:

-Xlog:codecache=Debug

See CodeHeap State Analytics (OpenJDK) for a detailed description of the code heap state analytics feature, the supported functions, and the granularity options.

Enable Logging with the JVM Unified Logging Framework

You use the -Xlog option to configure or enable logging with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) unified logging framework.

Synopsis

-Xlog[:[what][:[output][:[decorators][:output-options[,...]]]]]

-Xlog:directive

what

Specifies a combination of tags and levels of the form tag1[+tag2...][*][=level][,...]. Unless the wildcard (*) is specified, only log messages tagged with exactly the tags specified are matched. See -Xlog Tags and Levels.

output

Sets the type of output. Omitting the output type defaults to stdout. See -Xlog Output.

decorators

Configures the output to use a custom set of decorators. Omitting decorators defaults to uptime, level, and tags. See Decorations.

output-options

Sets the -Xlog logging output options.

directive

A global option or subcommand: help, disable, async

Description

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) unified logging framework provides a common logging system for all components of the JVM. GC logging for the JVM has been changed to use the new logging framework. The mapping of old GC flags to the corresponding new Xlog configuration is described in Convert GC Logging Flags to Xlog. In addition, runtime logging has also been changed to use the JVM unified logging framework. The mapping of legacy runtime logging flags to the corresponding new Xlog configuration is described in Convert Runtime Logging Flags to Xlog.

The following provides quick reference to the -Xlog command and syntax for options:

-Xlog

Enables JVM logging on an info level.

-Xlog:help

Prints -Xlog usage syntax and available tags, levels, and decorators along with example command lines with explanations.

-Xlog:disable

Turns off all logging and clears all configuration of the logging framework including the default configuration for warnings and errors.

-Xlog[:option]

Applies multiple arguments in the order that they appear on the command line. Multiple -Xlog arguments for the same output override each other in their given order.

The option is set as:

[tag-selection][:[output][:[decorators][:output-options]]]

Omitting the tag-selection defaults to a tag-set of all and a level of info.

tag[+...] all

The all tag is a meta tag consisting of all tag-sets available. The asterisk * in a tag set definition denotes a wildcard tag match. Matching with a wildcard selects all tag sets that contain at least the specified tags. Without the wildcard, only exact matches of the specified tag sets are selected.

output-options is

filecount=file-count filesize=file size with optional K, M or G suffix

Default Configuration

When the -Xlog option and nothing else is specified on the command line, the default configuration is used. The default configuration logs all messages with a level that matches either warning or error regardless of what tags the message is associated with. The default configuration is equivalent to entering the following on the command line:

-Xlog:all=warning:stdout:uptime,level,tags

Controlling Logging at Runtime

Logging can also be controlled at run time through Diagnostic Commands (with the jcmd utility). Everything that can be specified on the command line can also be specified dynamically with the VM.log command. As the diagnostic commands are automatically exposed as MBeans, you can use JMX to change logging configuration at run time.

-Xlog Tags and Levels

Each log message has a level and a tag set associated with it. The level of the message corresponds to its details, and the tag set corresponds to what the message contains or which JVM component it involves (such as, gc, jit, or os). Mapping GC flags to the Xlog configuration is described in Convert GC Logging Flags to Xlog. Mapping legacy runtime logging flags to the corresponding Xlog configuration is described in Convert Runtime Logging Flags to Xlog.

Available log levels:

• off
• trace
• debug
• info
• warning
• error

Available log tags:

There are literally dozens of log tags, which in the right combinations, will enable a range of logging output. The full set of available log tags can be seen using -Xlog:help. Specifying all instead of a tag combination matches all tag combinations.

-Xlog Output

The -Xlog option supports the following types of outputs:

• stdout --- Sends output to stdout
• stderr --- Sends output to stderr
• file=filename --- Sends output to text file(s).

When using file=filename, specifying %p and/or %t in the file name expands to the JVM's PID and startup timestamp, respectively. You can also configure text files to handle file rotation based on file size and a number of files to rotate. For example, to rotate the log file every 10 MB and keep 5 files in rotation, specify the options filesize=10M, filecount=5. The target size of the files isn't guaranteed to be exact, it's just an approximate value. Files are rotated by default with up to 5 rotated files of target size 20 MB, unless configured otherwise. Specifying filecount=0 means that the log file shouldn't be rotated. There's a possibility of the pre-existing log file getting overwritten.

-Xlog Output Mode

By default logging messages are output synchronously - each log message is written to the designated output when the logging call is made. But you can instead use asynchronous logging mode by specifying:

-Xlog:async

Write all logging asynchronously.

In asynchronous logging mode, log sites enqueue all logging messages to an intermediate buffer and a standalone thread is responsible for flushing them to the corresponding outputs. The intermediate buffer is bounded and on buffer exhaustion the enqueuing message is discarded. Log entry write operations are guaranteed non-blocking.

The option -XX:AsyncLogBufferSize=N specifies the memory budget in bytes for the intermediate buffer. The default value should be big enough to cater for most cases. Users can provide a custom value to trade memory overhead for log accuracy if they need to.

Decorations

Logging messages are decorated with information about the message. You can configure each output to use a custom set of decorators. The order of the output is always the same as listed in the table. You can configure the decorations to be used at run time. Decorations are prepended to the log message. For example:

[6.567s][info][gc,old] Old collection complete

Omitting decorators defaults to uptime, level, and tags. The none decorator is special and is used to turn off all decorations.

time (t), utctime (utc), uptime (u), timemillis (tm), uptimemillis (um), timenanos (tn), uptimenanos (un), hostname (hn), pid (p), tid (ti), level (l), tags (tg) decorators can also be specified as none for no decoration.

Convert GC Logging Flags to Xlog

Convert Runtime Logging Flags to Xlog

These legacy flags are no longer recognized and will cause an error if used directly. Use their unified logging equivalent instead.

-Xlog Usage Examples

The following are -Xlog examples.

-Xlog

Logs all messages by using the info level to stdout with uptime, levels, and tags decorations. This is equivalent to using:

-Xlog:all=info:stdout:uptime,levels,tags

-Xlog:gc

Logs messages tagged with the gc tag using info level to stdout. The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is in effect.

-Xlog:gc,safepoint

Logs messages tagged either with the gc or safepoint tags, both using the info level, to stdout, with default decorations. Messages tagged with both gc and safepoint won't be logged.

-Xlog:gc+ref=debug

Logs messages tagged with both gc and ref tags, using the debug level to stdout, with default decorations. Messages tagged only with one of the two tags won't be logged.

-Xlog:gc=debug:file=gc.txt:none

Logs messages tagged with the gc tag using the debug level to a file called gc.txt with no decorations. The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is still in effect.

-Xlog:gc=trace:file=gctrace.txt:uptimemillis,pids:filecount=5,filesize=1024

Logs messages tagged with the gc tag using the trace level to a rotating file set with 5 files with size 1 MB with the base name gctrace.txt and uses decorations uptimemillis and pid.

The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is still in effect.

-Xlog:gc::uptime,tid

Logs messages tagged with the gc tag using the default 'info' level to default the output stdout and uses decorations uptime and tid. The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is still in effect.

-Xlog:gc*=info,safepoint*=off

Logs messages tagged with at least gc using the info level, but turns off logging of messages tagged with safepoint. Messages tagged with both gc and safepoint won't be logged.

-Xlog:disable -Xlog:safepoint=trace:safepointtrace.txt

Turns off all logging, including warnings and errors, and then enables messages tagged with safepointusing tracelevel to the file safepointtrace.txt. The default configuration doesn't apply, because the command line started with -Xlog:disable.

Complex -Xlog Usage Examples

The following describes a few complex examples of using the -Xlog option.

-Xlog:gc+class*=debug

Logs messages tagged with at least gc and class tags using the debug level to stdout. The default configuration for all other messages at the level warning is still in effect

-Xlog:gc+meta*=trace,class*=off:file=gcmetatrace.txt

Logs messages tagged with at least the gc and meta tags using the trace level to the file metatrace.txt but turns off all messages tagged with class. Messages tagged with gc, meta, and class aren't be logged as class* is set to off. The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is in effect except for those that include class.

-Xlog:gc+meta=trace

Logs messages tagged with exactly the gc and meta tags using the trace level to stdout. The default configuration for all other messages at level warning is still be in effect.

-Xlog:gc+class+heap*=debug,meta*=warning,threads*=off

Logs messages tagged with at least gc, class, and heap tags using the trace level to stdout but only log messages tagged with meta with level. The default configuration for all other messages at the level warning is in effect except for those that include threads.

Validate Java Virtual Machine Flag Arguments

You use values provided to all Java Virtual Machine (JVM) command-line flags for validation and, if the input value is invalid or out-of-range, then an appropriate error message is displayed.

Whether they're set ergonomically, in a command line, by an input tool, or through the APIs (for example, classes contained in the package java.lang.management) the values provided to all Java Virtual Machine (JVM) command-line flags are validated. Ergonomics are described in Java Platform, Standard Edition HotSpot Virtual Machine Garbage Collection Tuning Guide.

Range and constraints are validated either when all flags have their values set during JVM initialization or a flag's value is changed during runtime (for example using the jcmd tool). The JVM is terminated if a value violates either the range or constraint check and an appropriate error message is printed on the error stream.

For example, if a flag violates a range or a constraint check, then the JVM exits with an error:

java -XX:AllocatePrefetchStyle=5 -version
intx AllocatePrefetchStyle=5 is outside the allowed range [ 0 ... 3 ]
Improperly specified VM option 'AllocatePrefetchStyle=5'
Error: Could not create the Java Virtual Machine.
Error: A fatal exception has occurred. Program will exit.

The flag -XX:+PrintFlagsRanges prints the range of all the flags. This flag allows automatic testing of the flags by the values provided by the ranges. For the flags that have the ranges specified, the type, name, and the actual range is printed in the output.

For example,

intx   ThreadStackSize [ 0 ... 9007199254740987 ] {pd product}

For the flags that don't have the range specified, the values aren't displayed in the print out. For example:

size_t NewSize         [   ...                  ] {product}

This helps to identify the flags that need to be implemented. The automatic testing framework can skip those flags that don't have values and aren't implemented.

Large Pages

You use large pages, also known as huge pages, as memory pages that are significantly larger than the standard memory page size (which varies depending on the processor and operating system). Large pages optimize processor Translation-Lookaside Buffers.

A Translation-Lookaside Buffer (TLB) is a page translation cache that holds the most-recently used virtual-to-physical address translations. A TLB is a scarce system resource. A TLB miss can be costly because the processor must then read from the hierarchical page table, which may require multiple memory accesses. By using a larger memory page size, a single TLB entry can represent a larger memory range. This results in less pressure on a TLB, and memory-intensive applications may have better performance.

However, using large pages can negatively affect system performance. For example, when a large amount of memory is pinned by an application, it may create a shortage of regular memory and cause excessive paging in other applications and slow down the entire system. Also, a system that has been up for a long time could produce excessive fragmentation, which could make it impossible to reserve enough large page memory. When this happens, either the OS or JVM reverts to using regular pages.

Linux and Windows support large pages.

Large Pages Support for Linux

Linux supports large pages since version 2.6. To check if your environment supports large pages, try the following:

# cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free: 0
...
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB

If the output contains items prefixed with "Huge", then your system supports large pages. The values may vary depending on environment. The Hugepagesize field shows the default large page size in your environment, and the other fields show details for large pages of this size. Newer kernels have support for multiple large page sizes. To list the supported page sizes, run this:

# ls /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/
hugepages-1048576kB  hugepages-2048kB

The above environment supports 2 MB and 1 GB large pages, but they need to be configured so that the JVM can use them. When using large pages and not enabling transparent huge pages (option -XX:+UseTransparentHugePages), the number of large pages must be pre-allocated. For example, to enable 8 GB of memory to be backed by 2 MB large pages, login as root and run:

# echo 4096 > /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages

It is always recommended to check the value of nr_hugepages after the request to make sure the kernel was able to allocate the requested number of large pages.

When using the option -XX:+UseSHM to enable large pages you also need to make sure the SHMMAX parameter is configured to allow large enough shared memory segments to be allocated. To allow a maximum shared segment of 8 GB, login as root and run:

# echo 8589934592 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

In some environments this is not needed since the default value is large enough, but it is important to make sure the value is large enough to fit the amount of memory intended to be backed by large pages.

Note: The values contained in /proc and /sys reset after you reboot your system, so may want to set them in an initialization script (for example, rc.local or sysctl.conf).

If you configure the OS kernel parameters to enable use of large pages, the Java processes may allocate large pages for the Java heap as well as other internal areas, for example:

• Code cache
• Marking bitmaps

Consequently, if you configure the nr_hugepages parameter to the size of the Java heap, then the JVM can still fail to allocate the heap using large pages because other areas such as the code cache might already have used some of the configured large pages.

Large Pages Support for Windows

To use large pages support on Windows, the administrator must first assign additional privileges to the user who is running the application:

1. Select Control Panel, Administrative Tools, and then Local Security Policy.
2. Select Local Policies and then User Rights Assignment.
3. Double-click Lock pages in memory, then add users and/or groups.
4. Reboot your system.

Note that these steps are required even if it's the administrator who's running the application, because administrators by default don't have the privilege to lock pages in memory.

Application Class Data Sharing

Application Class Data Sharing (AppCDS) extends class data sharing (CDS) to enable application classes to be placed in a shared archive.

In addition to the core library classes, AppCDS supports Class Data Sharing from the following locations:

• Platform classes from the runtime image
• Application classes from the runtime image
• Application classes from the class path
• Application classes from the module path

Archiving application classes provides better start up time at runtime. When running multiple JVM processes, AppCDS also reduces the runtime footprint with memory sharing for read-only metadata.

CDS/AppCDS supports archiving classes from JAR files only.

Prior to JDK 11, a non-empty directory was reported as a fatal error in the following conditions:

• For base CDS, a non-empty directory cannot exist in the -Xbootclasspath/a path

• With -XX:+UseAppCDS, a non-empty directory could not exist in the -Xbootclasspath/a path, class path, and module path.

In JDK 11 and later, -XX:+UseAppCDS is obsolete and the behavior for a non-empty directory is based on the class types in the classlist. A non-empty directory is reported as a fatal error in the following conditions:

• If application classes or platform classes are not loaded, dump time only reports an error if a non-empty directory exists in -Xbootclasspath/a path

• If application classes or platform classes are loaded, dump time reports an error for a non-empty directory that exists in -Xbootclasspath/a path, class path, or module path

In JDK 11 and later, using -XX:DumpLoadedClassList=class_list_file results a generated classlist with all classes (both system library classes and application classes) included. You no longer have to specify -XX:+UseAppCDS with -XX:DumpLoadedClassList to produce a complete class list.

In JDK 11 and later, because UseAppCDS is obsolete, SharedArchiveFile becomes a product flag by default. Specifying +UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions for SharedArchiveFile is no longer needed in any configuration.

Class Data Sharing (CDS)/AppCDS does not support archiving array classes in a class list. When an array in the class list is encountered, CDS dump time gives the explicit error message:

Preload Warning: Cannot find array_name

Although an array in the class list is not allowed, some array classes can still be created at CDS/AppCDS dump time. Those arrays are created during the execution of the Java code used by the Java class loaders (PlatformClassLoader and the system class loader) to load classes at dump time. The created arrays are archived with the rest of the loaded classes.

Extending Class Data Sharing to Support the Module Path

In JDK 11, Class Data Sharing (CDS) has been improved to support archiving classes from the module path.

• To create a CDS archive using the --module-path VM option, use the following command line syntax:

  java -Xshare:dump -XX:SharedClassListFile=class_list_file -XX:SharedArchiveFile=shared_archive_file --module-path=path_to_modular_jar -m module_name

• To run with a CDS archive using the --module-path VM option, use the following the command line syntax:

  java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=shared_archive_file --module-path=path_to_modular_jar -m module_name

The following table describes how the VM options related to module paths can be used along with the -Xshare option.

¹ Although there are two ways of specifying a module in a --module-path, that is, modular JAR or exploded module, only modular JARs are supported.

² Different mp can be specified during dump time versus run time. If an archived class K was loaded from mp1.jar at dump time, but changes in mp cause it to be available from a different mp2.jar at run time, then the archived version of K will be disregarded at run time; K will be loaded dynamically.

³ Currently, only two system modules are upgradeable (java.compiler and jdk.internal.vm.compiler). However, these modules are seldom upgraded in production software.

⁴ As documented in JEP 261, using --patch-module is strongly discouraged for production use.

⁵ --limit-modules is intended for testing purposes. It is seldom used in production software.

If --upgrade-module-path, --patch-module, or --limit-modules is specified at dump time, an error will be printed and the JVM will exit. For example, if the --limit-modules option is specified at dump time, the user will see the following error:

Error occurred during initialization of VM
Cannot use the following option when dumping the shared archive: --limit-modules

If --upgrade-module-path, --patch-module, or --limit-modules is specified at run time, a warning message will be printed indicating that CDS is disabled. For example, if the --limit-modules options is specified at run time, the user will see the following warning:

Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: CDS is disabled when the --limit-modules option is specified.

Several other noteworthy things include:

• Any valid combinations of -cp and --module-path are supported.

• A non-empty directory in the module path causes a fatal error. The user will see the following error messages:

  Error: non-empty directory <directory> Hint: enable -Xlog:class+path=info to diagnose the failure Error occurred during initialization of VM Cannot have non-empty directory in paths

• Unlike the class path, there's no restriction that the module path at dump time must be equal to or be a prefix of the module path at run time.

• The archive is invalidated if an existing JAR in the module path is updated after archive generation.

• Removing a JAR from the module path does not invalidate the shared archive. Archived classes from the removed JAR are not used at runtime.

Dynamic CDS archive

Dynamic CDS archive extends AppCDS to allow archiving of classes when a Java application exits. It improves the usability of AppCDS by eliminating the trial run step for creating a class list for each application. The archived classes include all loaded application classes and library classes that are not present in the default CDS archive which is included in the JDK.

A base archive is required when creating a dynamic archive. If the base archive is not specified, the default CDS archive is used as the base archive.

To create a dynamic CDS archive with the default CDS archive as the base archive, just add the -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=<dynamic archive> option to the command line for running the Java application.

If the default CDS archive does not exist, the VM will exit with the following error:

ArchiveClassesAtExit not supported when base CDS archive is not loaded

To run the Java application using a dynamic CDS archive, just add the -XX:SharedArchiveFile=<dynamic archive> option to the command line for running the Java application.

The base archive is not required to be specified in the command line. The base archive information, including its name and full path, will be retrieved from the dynamic archive header. Note that the user could also use the -XX:SharedArchiveFile option for specifying a regular AppCDS archive. Therefore, the specified archive in the -XX:SharedArchiveFile option could be either a regular or dynamic archive. During VM start up the specified archive header will be read. If -XX:SharedArchiveFile refers to a regular archive, then the behavior will be unchanged. If -XX:SharedArchiveFile refers to a dynamic archive, the VM will retrieve the base archive location from the dynamic archive. If the dynamic archive was created with the default CDS archive, then the current default CDS archive will be used, and will be found relative to the current run time environment.

Please refer to JDK-8221706 for details on error checking during dynamic CDS archive dump time and run time.

Creating a Shared Archive File and Using It to Run an Application

AppCDS archive

The following steps create a shared archive file that contains all the classes used by the test.Hello application. The last step runs the application with the shared archive file.

1. Create a list of all classes used by the test.Hello application. The following command creates a file named hello.classlist that contains a list of all classes used by this application:

   java -Xshare:off -XX:DumpLoadedClassList=hello.classlist -cp hello.jar test.Hello

   Note that the classpath specified by the -cp parameter must contain only JAR files.

2. Create a shared archive, named hello.jsa, that contains all the classes in hello.classlist:

   java -Xshare:dump -XX:SharedArchiveFile=hello.jsa -XX:SharedClassListFile=hello.classlist -cp hello.jar

   Note that the classpath used at archive creation time must be the same as (or a prefix of) the classpath used at run time.

3. Run the application test.Hello with the shared archive hello.jsa:

   java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=hello.jsa -cp hello.jar test.Hello

4. Optional Verify that the test.Hello application is using the class contained in the hello.jsa shared archive:

   java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=hello.jsa -cp hello.jar -verbose:class test.Hello

   The output of this command should contain the following text:

   Loaded test.Hello from shared objects file by sun/misc/Launcher$AppClassLoader

Dynamic CDS archive

The following steps create a dynamic CDS archive file that contains the classes used by the test.Hello application and are not included in the default CDS archive. The second step runs the application with the dynamic CDS archive.

1. Create a dynamic CDS archive, named hello.jsa, that contains all the classes in hello.jar loaded by the application test.Hello:

   java -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=hello.jsa -cp hello.jar Hello

   Note that the classpath used at archive creation time must be the same as (or a prefix of) the classpath used at run time.

2. Run the application test.Hello with the shared archive hello.jsa:

   java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=hello.jsa -cp hello.jar test.Hello

3. Optional Repeat step 4 of the previous section to verify that the test.Hello application is using the class contained in the hello.jsa shared archive.

To automate the above steps 1 and 2, one can write a script such as the following:

    ARCHIVE=hello.jsa
    if test -f $ARCHIVE; then
        FLAG="-XX:SharedArchiveFile=$ARCHIVE"
    else
        FLAG="-XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=$ARCHIVE"
    fi
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -cp hello.jar $FLAG test.Hello

Like an AppCDS archive, the archive needs to be re-generated if the Java version has changed. The above script could be adjusted to account for the Java version as follows:

    ARCHIVE=hello.jsa
    VERSION=foo.version
    if test -f $ARCHIVE -a -f $VERSION && cmp -s $VERSION $JAVA_HOME/release; then
        FLAG="-XX:SharedArchiveFile=$ARCHIVE"
    else
        FLAG="-XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=$ARCHIVE"
        cp -f $JAVA_HOME/release $VERSION
    fi
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -cp hello.jar $FLAG test.Hello

Currently, we don't support concurrent dumping operations to the same CDS archive. Care should be taken to avoid multiple writers to the same CDS archive.

The user could also create a dynamic CDS archive with a specific base archive, e.g. named as base.jsa as follows:

java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=hello.jsa -cp hello.jar Hello

To run the application using the dynamic CDS archive hello.jsa and a specific base CDS archive base.jsa:

java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa:hello.jsa -cp hello.jar Hello

Note that on Windows, the above path delimiter : should be replaced with ;.

The above command for specifying a base archive is useful if the base archive used for creating the dynamic archive has been moved. Normally, just specifying the dynamic archive should be sufficient since the base archive info can be retrieved from the dynamic archive header.

Sharing a Shared Archive Across Multiple Application Processes

You can share the same archive file across multiple applications processes. This reduces memory usage because the archive is memory-mapped into the address space of the processes. The operating system automatically shares the read-only pages across these processes.

The following steps demonstrate how to create a common archive that can be shared by different applications. Classes from common.jar, hello.jar and hi.jar are archived in the common.jsa because they are all in the classpath during the archiving step (step 3).

To include classes from hello.jar and hi.jar, the .jar files must be added to the classpath specified by the -cp parameter.

1. Create a list of all classes used by the Hello application and another list for the Hi application:

   java -XX:DumpLoadedClassList=hello.classlist -cp common.jar:hello.jar Hello

   java -XX:DumpLoadedClassList=hi.classlist -cp common.jar:hi.jar Hi

2. Create a single list of classes used by all the applications that will share the shared archive file.

   Linux and macOS The following commands combine the files hello.classlist and hi.classlist into one file, common.classlist:

   cat hello.classlist hi.classlist > common.classlist

   Windows The following commands combine the files hello.classlist and hi.classlist into one file, common.classlist:

   type hello.classlist hi.classlist > common.classlist

3. Create a shared archive named common.jsa that contains all the classes in common.classlist:

   java -Xshare:dump -XX:SharedArchiveFile=common.jsa -XX:SharedClassListFile=common.classlist -cp common.jar:hello.jar:hi.jar

   The classpath parameter used is the common class path prefix shared by the Hello and Hi applications.

4. Run the Hello and Hi applications with the same shared archive:

   java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=common.jsa -cp common.jar:hello.jar:hi.jar Hello

   java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=common.jsa -cp common.jar:hello.jar:hi.jar Hi

Specifying Additional Shared Data Added to an Archive File

The SharedArchiveConfigFile option is used to specify additional shared data to add to the archive file.

-XX:SharedArchiveConfigFile=shared_config_file

JDK 9 and later supports adding both symbols and string objects to an archive for memory sharing when you have multiple JVM processes running on the same host. An example of this is having multiple JVM processes that use the same set of Java EE classes. When these common classes are loaded and used, new symbols and strings may be created and added to the JVM's internal "symbol" and "string" tables. At runtime, the symbols or string objects mapped from the archive file can be shared across multiple JVM processes, resulting in a reduction of overall memory usage. In addition, archiving strings also provides added performance benefits in both startup time and runtime execution.

In JDK 10 and later, CONSTANT_String entries in archived classes are resolved to interned String objects at dump time, and all interned String objects are archived. However, even though all CONSTANT_String literals in all archived classes are resolved, it might still beneficial to add additional strings that are not string literals in class files, but are likely to be used by your application at run time.

Symbol data should be generated by the jcmd tool attaching to a running JVM process. See jcmd.

The following is an example of the symbol dumping command in jcmd:

jcmd pid VM.symboltable -verbose

Note: The first line (process ID) and the second line (@VERSION ...) of this jcmd output should be excluded from the configuration file.

Example of a Configuration File

The following is an example of a configuration file:

VERSION: 1.0
@SECTION: Symbol
10 -1: linkMethod

In the configuration file example, the @SECTION: Symbol entry uses the following format:

length refcount: symbol

The refcount for a shared symbol is always -1.

@SECTION specifies the type of the section that follows it. All data within the section must be the same type that's specified by @SECTION. Different types of data can't be mixed. Multiple separated data sections for the same type specified by different @SECTION are allowed within one shared_config_file .

Performance Tuning Examples

You can use the Java advanced runtime options to optimize the performance of your applications.

Tuning for Higher Throughput

Use the following commands and advanced options to achieve higher throughput performance for your application:

java -server -XX:+UseParallelGC -XX:+UseLargePages -Xmn10g -Xms26g -Xmx26g

Tuning for Lower Response Time

Use the following commands and advanced options to achieve lower response times for your application:

java -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=100

Keeping the Java Heap Small and Reducing the Dynamic Footprint of Embedded Applications

Use the following advanced runtime options to keep the Java heap small and reduce the dynamic footprint of embedded applications:

-XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=10 -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=5

Note: The defaults for these two options are 70% and 40% respectively. Because performance sacrifices can occur when using these small settings, you should optimize for a small footprint by reducing these settings as much as possible without introducing unacceptable performance degradation.

Exit Status

The following exit values are typically returned by the launcher when the launcher is called with the wrong arguments, serious errors, or exceptions thrown by the JVM. However, a Java application may choose to return any value by using the API call System.exit(exitValue). The values are:

• 0: Successful completion

• >0: An error occurred